Tuesday, December 31, 2019

How Service Is A Good Or Bad - 1260 Words

What is service? This question has thrived throughout my expository classroom over the course of the past four weeks. We have to discover a form of service that we are going to partake in for at least fifteen hours. Before we can do this though, we must understand what service is. Some say that service constitutes as helping others in any way that will affect an entire community. Others believe that service is helping one or more people in any way this is going to make some kind of difference, good or bad, in their life. I believe that service is when a person is appointed or appoints them self to do some sort of work in another person’s life despite whether that form of work has a positive or negative impact. My form of service includes tapping trees. I plan on tapping trees in a sugar works in Lincoln and South Starksboro, Vermont. As my grandfather is getting older, he needs others to help him during the short time period that trees can be tapped before the sap begins to flow. He has constructed a sugar works that contains over ten-thousand taps with my uncle over the course of the last five years. For those who don’t know what it means to tap trees, â€Å"a tree yielding sap is like a person donating blood. They both have some to spare. After the tap-hole is drilled, a spout with either a bucket and hook or tubing attached is placed in the hole and gently tapped in place,† (Croft). While this seems like an easy task, walking up and down a mountain in four to five feetShow MoreRelatedCustomer Service Within The Workplace1346 Words   |  6 PagesBASICS OF CUSTOMER SERVICE WITHIN THE WORKPLACE The Echo 2012 Global Customer Service Barometer stated that â€Å"Nearly a third of consumers believe that businesses are now paying less attention to providing good customer service† (3). Since business to customer interaction is a vital component in today’s economy, customer service is an essential topic that must be improved to consider a business successful with its attended audience. Formatting of this report includes the discussion of the conceptsRead MoreEssay about Service Recovery 949 Words   |  4 PagesIn providing services to the customers, service recovery is a missing element. The effective service recovery process attracts customers as well as leaves a positive impact on them. Process of service recovery brings customers from their bad feelings and perceptions to the positive edge. Effective service recovery process is a major element in maintaining customer’s satisfaction and loyalty. (John Tschohl) The service recovery means the service provider taking some effective actions or steps toRead MoreThe Rise Of Social Media1248 Words   |  5 PagesWhile the benefits of customer service and customer success are plentiful, many businesses still don’t pay enough attention to good customer service. This is partly because in the past, companies were a bit less likely to suffer greatly even if they didn’t always put the customer first. But the technological revolution has changed the way businesses need to look at customer service. The above benefits have become even more relevant and getting the customer service culture right can make or breakRead MoreCustomer Service Skills854 Words   |  4 PagesCUSTOMER SERVICE SKILLS 09/26/2012 PRESENTED TO WENDY HORTON CUSTOMER SERVICE CLASS PREPARED BY TYNITRIA JOHNSON Customer service is a very important factor in today’s society. Customer is any relationship, conversation, or interaction an employee has with a customer. Good customer service is the key to a successful business. I learned some things out this class that are relevant to me. I can use them throughout my career. I interviewed three people, as following, for thisRead MoreGood Consumer Service: Company of Choice1032 Words   |  5 Pagesbusiness the main key is to have good customer service. The standpoint for any salespersons is to how they present themselves in the company. Companies that show extremely good customer service will normally become the company of choice because with good customer service comes with more customers from other companies. With good service support it is the easiest route to success in building a strong company with custom relations. When a customer sees that good service is provided they will most likelyRead MoreLegal Issues in Health Care696 Words   |  3 Pagesarticle is about the problems hospitals are facing due to antitrust law issued by the government and how it affects the hospital setting in providing healthcare service. It talks about the major laws that have problems in connection to the three different relations that exist in any hosp ital - Hospital Relations, Hospital-Physician Relations and Hospital-Payer Relations. This has both good and bad effects and depends on what the change is. It has been speculated that over 50 percent of these legislationsRead MoreEssay about Brand Tracking Survey784 Words   |  4 PagesBrand Tracking Survey This is a brand tracking survey that Steinlager beer might use. You will see where you can insert your own product category and brand name. Notice how the questions go from broad to specific. Keep that format if you add your own questions. Keep all of these questions! Be aware that in some situations, brand tracking may be concerned with which products the brand reminds consumers of (when the brand is on multiple products), instead of which brands the product remindsRead MoreCustomer Complaints And Why It Is Important For Improving Customer Experience For The Future1738 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: I have chosen to write my reflective essay on customer complaints and why it is important to handle them effectively, how to learn from complaints and how my workplace can use a complaint as a way of improving customer experience for the future. Reflective learning encourages development and new approaches to learning (Brockbank et al, 2002). From what I understand, the purpose of reflective writing is to help us recognise the way we work at a deeper level. It is a process in whichRead MoreAnalysis Of The Film Wal Town 1745 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom the laborer to the consumer to truly comprehend the future of work. Sergio Kirby’s Wal-Town: The Film contains content matter that relates to the future of work, specifically employment trends, the changing labor market, the defining of good jobs and bad jobs. Wal-Mart employs 1.5 million employees in Canada ( Kirby, 2006); this is because the corporation responds to the demographic shifts. Demographic shifts affect the supply and demand for jobs especially considering aging trends, culturalRead MoreCustomer Service Of Health Care1463 Words   |  6 PagesManagement 2213 26 November 2015 Customer Service in Health Care Customer services is a very important part of managing ongoing client/patient relationships, because they are the key to bringing in revenue. The concept of customer service is to deliver outstanding services so the customers will have a great experience. I currently work in the healthcare industry and the company that I work for is starting to have training and meetings to improve customer service to our clients to help increase our patient

Monday, December 23, 2019

Boxing Is The Most Brutal Of Sports - 1553 Words

Typically in sports the goal is to hit a homerun, score a goal, or even get a hole in one. However, there is one sport that is not like any other, boxing. This sport is the most brutal of sports. The goal is to knock out the opponent with devastating blows to the head. Boxing can be a very dangerous sport resulting in extreme injury or death, and there is a lot of pressure to use illegal drugs in an effort to win. Boxing also has many benefits, such as physical fitness, stress relieving, and allows an elite professional boxer to earn a very good living. The earliest records of boxing occurred in the 2nd millennium BC from Mesopotamian and Assyria nations (History of Boxing). Architects have found carvings in ancient caves showing bare fisted contests with spectators (History of Boxing). Boxing gained popularity and became an organized sport when accepted by the Greeks at the Olympic Games in 688 BC (History of Boxing). Boxing continued to evolve from the 16th to 18th centuries in Gr eat Britain as a prize fighting game (History of Boxing). During this time, boxers fought with bare knuckles and spiked shoes (History of Boxing). Early fighting had no written rules. There were no weight divisions, or round limits, and no referee. The matches were extremely chaotic (History of Boxing). Around 1867, the introduction of â€Å"fair-size† gloves changed the nature of the bouts (History of Boxing). Bouts became longer and more strategic with greater emphasis on strategy andShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of a Boxing Article Essay821 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of a Boxing Article The headline does what headlines do. It grabs the readers attention, and suggest what we expect to find when we read on. â€Å"NO ONE IS FORECED TO FIGHT† is a sharp phrase that goes straight to the point. The bias of the editorial is clear from the headline, and we expect to read something in favor of the boxers right to box, especially since they are not â€Å"FORCED†. As expected it is told with all the letters in capital. In fact, the headlineRead MoreBoxing is Not a Violent Sport Essay1123 Words   |  5 Pages Boxing is a sport full of hard hitting, fast movements and lots of blood, but being a boxer is not too brutal for the society but it does have its good and bad. Boxing was found back in 697B.C in Germany. When it was first aired on TV people didn’t like it much and was commented as the worst TV show. But as the years went on more people started to get interested in the sport, and then kids wanted to become like their favorite boxer. And soon after boxing was the number one show that everyone watchedRead MoreInnocence of MMA Essay1200 Words   |  5 PagesMixed Martial Arts is the most misunderstood, safest, and popular full contact sport in the present day. Since 1998, there have been over 70 boxing related deaths, while in sanctioned MMA events there have only been two! MMA has been around for centuries and it was not widely known until early 1990s with the introduction of the Ultimate Fighting Championship. The UFC at first was considered violent, barbaric, and criticized by Senator John McCain, calling it, â€Å"human cockfighting,†Read MoreArgumentative (Persuasive) Essay Guidelines857 Words   |  4 Pagesconclusion. Boxing: Countdown to Injury A left hook smashes into the fighter’s jaw. A following right slams his head the opposite direction. An uppercut to the jaw snaps his head back, momentarily stopping the blood flow to his brain. The boxer drops, hitting the mat with a thud. His brain bounces off his skull for the second time in a matter of seconds. Is this what we should call a sport? Because of injuries, neurological damage, and ring deaths, the rules of professional boxing should beRead MoreHistory And Purpose Of The Olympic Games1439 Words   |  6 Pagesthis is actually required in every game no matter what (Hoberman). There were a lot of differences between the games today and the games back then. Some of the most popular games in the ancient games were the four-horse chariot race and pankration which was a ferocious brawl with no rules. The chariot race would end up in brutal pile-ups most of the time. Athletes in the ancient games trained incredibly hard under highly paid coaches for huge rewards. Spectators in the first games were actually alsoRead More Reality TV Essay1074 Words   |  5 Pagesemotion that can’t be found when a director is yelling ‘action,’ and ‘cut.’ By raw emotion I mean that the viewer has reason to watch the television show due to an emotional attachment, besides the mere entertainment value, or for the love of the sport of boxing. Viewers fall in love, but instead of characters, they are able to fall in love with actual people. Reality television is something that has become a major part of the television industry. The motivation and success of these shows is based onRead MoreHistory and Importance of Sports amongs Ancient Civilizations1138 Words   |  5 Pages History and importance of sports amongst ancient civilizations Sports have been around for centuries, dating back to 776 BC with the first Olympic Games. Ancient civilizations like the Egyptian, Greeks and Mayans all had a sport they enjoyed taking part in. They were created to bring people together and help them settle disputes or conflicts in an organized manner. Great leaders of the ancient world saw a fascination in sports and made it part of their reign to promote the human’s natural competitivenessRead MoreAfrican American Impact on Sports Essay1725 Words   |  7 PagesA life is not important except in the impact it has on others lives. This quote was said by Jackie Robinson who was important in paving the way for other black athletes in professional sports. He was the first black baseball player to play in Major League Baseball.What would professional sports be without all the greatest black athletes such as Michael Jordan, Muhammad Ali or Jackie Robinson? Today the NBA is filled with a large majority of African American players. The NBA would be nothing withoutRead More What techniques has Leon Gast applied to engage his audience in When1131 Words   |  5 Pages Throughout the year I have been studying the documentary When We Were Kings based around the 1974 World Boxing Championship fight between Muhammad Ali and George Foreman. The fight was staged in Zaire, Africa and is subsequently predominantly an African influenced film, although still effective in delivering the story and exposition of one of the greatest sporting moments of our modern era. Through use of a complex sound track - including live sound and interviews from the past - Gast is ableRead MoreModern Martial Arts - Lack of Confucian Doctrine Essay1137 Words   |  5 PagesPhilosophy is one of the most important aspects of any traditional martial art. The philosophies of many martial arts such as Taekwondo, Kung Fu, and Karate are based off of Confucianism and principles from Confucius’s The Analects. Although traditional martial a rts contain philosophical teachings, modern martial arts have lost their meaning, or â€Å"art.† The popularity of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) and Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) has contributed greatly to the loss of meaning in modern martial

Sunday, December 15, 2019

Water Refilling Management System Free Essays

Conceptual framework The Conceptual framework shows the inputs and processes on how the customer and the management works’ within the system. Input refers to the data inputted by the customer and management. The data to be input first by the management are the customer and container information’s. We will write a custom essay sample on Water Refilling Management System or any similar topic only for you Order Now The customer information contains id, name, address, contact number, type, cash balance, container balance and description of a customer, while the container information contains id, type, total count, unit price and description of a container. The system provides each the customer and container id automatically. Customer and container information are required to be in the system first to process transactions. There are four types of transaction, namely: purchase order, delivery, payment and container return. Each of this transaction consists of required information referred in the table below. The customer id, name, type, cash balance, container balances, container type unit price of the specific customer and product are gathered by the system automatically. Table 1.1 Transaction information Purchase order Delivery Payment Container return Customer id Customer name Customer type Container types Unit prices Container tracking id’s (optional) Container count Total amount Comment Customer id Customer name Customer type Container types Unit prices Container tracking id’s (optional) Container count Total amount Mode of payment Comment Customer id Customer name Customer cash balance Payment amount Comment Customer id Customer name Customer Container balances Container types Return count Comment Level 0. How to cite Water Refilling Management System, Essays

Saturday, December 7, 2019

Theory and Measurement of Economic Externalities MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Theory and Measurement of Economic Externalities. Answer: Introduction: The essay focuses on the economic analysis of the article on discovery and effects of new genes on the bread wheat production in Australian economy. The article says that researchers have found 21000 new variety of genes in 16 different varieties of wheat. Also the variations among the common wheat varieties have also been discovered. According to professor David Edwards, these new discoveries could help in the creation of disease resistant wheat varieties as well as it could open up opportunities in the wheat production in the world. Hence, this discovery of new genes has a positive effect on the horticulture industry of Australia. This not only would increase the variety of wheat to be produced, but it would improve the quality of wheat also by making it disease resistant (Logan, 2017). The market for wheat is a market with perfect competition. Here, the product is homogeneous; there are many buyers and sellers; a single seller has no power to influence the market price, hence, the sellers are price taker (Kirzner 2015). The discovery and application of new disease resistant genes in the wheat is going to increase the supply of the wheat in the market. As better quality of wheat is ensured, and disease resistant genes ensure that the level of crop damage due to diseases is reduced, the supply of wheat will rise in the market (Tomek Kaiser, 2014). The above figure shows that initially the market equilibrium is at E1, with price P1 and quantity supplied Q1. With the introduction of new genes in the wheat varieties, the crop damage is reduced and better quality is supplied. Thus, supply of wheat rises in the market, and supply curve shifts rightward from S1 to S2. In the short run, demand will not change as the income and preferences of the consumers do not change. Thus, there is excess supply in the market at the initial price P1. To absorb this excess supply, the producers will decrease the price to P2 to reach the new market equilibrium at E2. The new equilibrium price is less than the initial equilibrium price and quantity is more than the initial quantity supplied. Price elasticity of demand is the change in the quantity demanded due to one percent change in the price of the product. As wheat is an agricultural product and it is a necessary good; hence, wheat is relatively price inelastic. Even if the price changes, the demand for wheat does not get affected much (Thimmapuram Kim, 2013) Figure 2 shows the impact of price changes on the quantity demanded of wheat. As it is an agricultural and necessary product, changes in the price will not affect the quantity demanded much. It has a relatively inelastic demand curve. When the supply increases, the supply curve shifts rightwards to S2 from S1. The price falls from P1 to P2. Due to price inelasticity, the fall in price does not have a significant effect on the quantity demanded, as it rises from Q1 to Q2. Thus, revenue of the producers will not increase much (Wang Dalal, 2015). The discovery of new genes in the wheat varieties has a positive externality on the wheat production. Researchers assure that this new invention would help in the production of better quality and disease resistant wheat. The benefit will be enjoyed by everyone in the society. However, in this case, consumers will enjoy better and more bread wheat at a lower price. Therefore, producers might incur losses, as they would spend more for better quality seeds but would get less revenue. To solve this problem of positive externality, the government can give subsidies to the farmers. This subsidy would increase the revenue of the farmers, while the consumers do not have to pay extra price (Lin, 2014). This essay has discussed the possible effects of the discovery of new genes in the wheat varieties as highlighted in the article, and the impact on the prices of wheat. The new 21000 genes in 16 varieties of common wheat breed are opening a new direction in the wheat production in Australia. This would not only offer better quality of wheat but also increase the supply, as diseases in the crop would be reduced. As demand remains unchanged in the short run, the price of wheat would fall and revenue would not increase much. Hence, to prevent the effects of positive externalities, the government should provide subsidies to the farmers. References: Kirzner, I. M. (2015).Competition and entrepreneurship. University of Chicago press. Lin, S. A. (Ed.). (2014).Theory and measurement of economic externalities. Academic Press. Logan, T. (2017). Scientists make discovery that 'shakes up' foundations of wheat genome research. ABC News. Retrieved from https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2017-03-09/researchers-find-new-bread-wheat-genes/8337326 Thimmapuram, P. R., Kim, J. (2013). Consumers' price elasticity of demand modeling with economic effects on electricity markets using an agent-based model.IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,4(1), 390-397. Tomek, W. G., Kaiser, H. M. (2014).Agricultural product prices. Cornell University Press. Wang, W., Dalal, R. C. (2015). Nitrogen management is the key for low-emission wheat production in Australia: A life cycle perspective.European Journal of Agronomy,66, 74-82.

Friday, November 29, 2019

A Multicultural Celebration free essay sample

A Multicultural Celebration by Australian radio host, Paul Murray presents a meandering critique Australias multicultural history and our search for a national Identity. Whilst I agree with the picture that he paints of the constant cycle of opposition to the various waves of migrant types throughout our history, and how he shows that despite this, multiculturalism flourishes, I disagree with how Murray tries to tie this with our search for a national Identity.In this article the Australian citizen who searches for a national identity is silenced by Murals dismissal of the search as, navel-gazing. He goes on to say the search is futile. He seeks to supplant the values built up by generations of Australians of egalitarianism, metathesis and freedom with his own notion that we be defined by multiculturalism alone.Murray uses a photographic montage, a main body and a concluding statement to persuade us that for over a century we have been looking in the wrong place for our national identity, and that we should, like America, define ourselves by multiculturalism. We will write a custom essay sample on A Multicultural Celebration or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I think Murray fails to win the argument. What the article should have done Is show us how multiculturalism can define us. It should remit us one day of the year to navel-gaze, or reflect on who we are and why must It be either multiculturalism or the three values stated previously, egalitarianism, metathesis and freedom, why not all four?Murray, for the purpose of this article, uses a carefully constructed photographic montage to include proponents, Cough Whittle and Harold Holt, and opponents of multiculturalism, Sir Henry Parkers. He has pictured Australia and its place in the world overlaid on the Australian flag and tied it in with the emblem of American migration, Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free. The crowd pictured on the right hand side being supervised by police may well be those crowds that gather for the Australia Day celebration services. The main body of Murray article on A Multicultural Celebration focuses largely on how Australians have resisted multiculturalism over the centuries, like today with the current waves of boat-people that we find difficult to accept- the characters have changed over time but the attitudes have remained the same. Murray also tries to enter the debate about a national identity by telling us to drop the notion of equality, freedom and metathesis cause they dont necessarily define Australians as a nation many societies aspire to them too.What Murray fails to do is to tie the two ideas together, multiculturalism and national identity. He just presents them at the conclusion without telling us how multiculturalism should define us, he Just tells us that it should. Murray tells us that our migration experience is more like Americas, but he fails to tell us how America defines herself through multiculturalism. The fact that the statement, Our migration experience is much more like Americas is written in much larger text and a different onto tells us that it Is very important to Murray argument.However, he fails to show how multiculturalism In any way defines the American experience. America Is defined quite clearly as the land of the brave and the home of the free. Murray concluding statement Is his final attempt to gain the readers support of his pollen that we are defined as a nation by out broadly multicultural society and the success to action is that we should be satisfied with having a national identity based on our ability to live together peacefully, being people of different races.

Monday, November 25, 2019

An inexperienced nurse looking after a diabetic Essay Example

An inexperienced nurse looking after a diabetic Essay Example An inexperienced nurse looking after a diabetic Essay An inexperienced nurse looking after a diabetic Essay The facts of the inquiry province that the nurse increased the dosage of the patient’s insulin with ‘no prescription from the doctor’ . The first inquiry we must inquire is whether or non Insulin is a prescription merely medicine [ P.O.M. ] ; if it is, it would look that the nurse in inquiry was moving in breach of s58 ( 2 ) ( B ) of the Medicines Act 1968 which provinces, that no individual shall administrate a POM unless he is an appropriate practician or a individual moving in conformity with the waies of an appropriate practician. If we can presume that the drug was administered intravenously, which is the standard method of presenting insulin into a human organic structure ; by virtuousness of the Medicines ( Products Other Than Veterinary Drugs ) ( Prescription Merely ) Amendment Order 1988, Insulin should non be considered a P.O.M. : Article 2 of this Order provinces, â€Å" [ n ] otwithstanding Article 3 ( 1 ) ( vitamin D ) , any readying of insulin for parenteral [ 1 ] disposal to human existences shall non be a prescription merely medical specialty. The nurse in inquiry was therefore non obliged to obtain a written, or verbal, prescription prior to administrating the drug. We must presume, despite the fact that we are told that the nurse is ‘inexperienced’ , that he or she was to the full trained to administrate endovenous medicine ; after all, we are besides told that the nurse was delegated the duty of ‘looking after a diabetic patient with unstable diabetes’ , administrating a ‘dose of insulin [ of ] 12 units per hour’ , connoting that she is to the full qualified to present drugs in this manner ; rule 7 of the NMC ( 2004 ) a provinces, â€Å"a rehearsing accoucheuse shall merely provide and administrate those medical specialties, including anodynes, in regard of which she has received the appropriate preparation as to utilize, dose and methods of administration.† If the nurse did non hold such competency, so irrespective of the fact that he or she had been delegated to this patient, under s1.18 of the NMC ( 2004 ) , the nurse is responsible for informing her higher-ups of her deficiency of equal prepara tion, and merely undertaking pattern and accepting duties for those activities in which he/she is competent. Sing any possible civil jurisprudence claim of carelessness against the nurse: it should be noted foremost, that it is improbable that the patient would of all time convey such an action against the single nurse ; after all, the true purpose of such claims is to retrieve fiscal compensation, compensation which is more likely available from the Health Authority employer of that nurse, who can be held vicariously apt for any carelessness of its staff. Second, if such a claim was to be brought against the nurse, her rawness would non itself provide a defense mechanism, nor a lowering of the criterion of attention which the jurisprudence would anticipate of her ; in the instance of Wilsher v Essex Area Health Authority [ 1987 ] [ 2 ] the bulk of the tribunal rejected the statement that what was expected of an single health care practician was what was moderately to be expected of a individual of his makings andexperience. As Lord Justice Mustill remarked in this instance, to take the pra ctitioner’s subjective experience into history when puting the range of his/her responsibility of attention would imply that â€Å"the criterion of attention which the patient is entitled to demand [ would ] vary harmonizing to the opportunity of enlisting and rostering. [ 3 ] † Therefore, whilst the nurse is improbable to confront a civil jurisprudence claim in the civil wrong of carelessness, if she does, she will be expected to hold acted with the same due attention and diligence that would hold been expected of anyone of her occupation description, irrespective of her existent experience within that place [ 4 ] . Likewise, the nurse is expected to hold a good sense of when it will be necessary to seek more specialist advice from a superior [ 5 ] , and one such method of cognizing his/her competency is by mention to the NMC ( 2004 ) . In our instance, it is implied that the nurse did seek such advice from her higher-ups, for non merely was she ‘pressurised by a nursing co-worker to increase the dosage of insulin’ , but she besides clearly contacted the supervision physician, for ‘he said he [ would ] come to the ward to order [ the insulin ] subsequently when is free’ . In visible radiation of this reading, it is really improbable that the nurse would of all time be considered carelessness at civil jurisprudence, even if her misguided actions so went on tocause[ 6 ] personal hurt to the patient ; â€Å"If [ the practician ] does seek such aid, he will frequently hold satisfied the trial [ of rationality ] , even though he may himself hold made a error. [ 7 ] † Sing possible condemnable liability originating from breach of the Medicines Act 1968 ( as amended ) or the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, as stated earlier, there is nil within the facts of this inquiry which suggest that the nurse acted reprehensively ; she was following the instructions of both a more-experienced nurse and, presumptively, the oversing physician besides, and she administered a drug which is non a P.O.M. There is some counsel provided pertaining to where a nurse has identified an mistake in the dose of medicine NMC ( 2004 ) : where a nurse has identified an mistake in the disposal of a drug to a patient, a 2nd practician should look into any complex drug computations. In our instance, the nurse should hold checked the computations of her co-worker, who pressured her into amending the dose. If the nurse did non execute these collateral computations, so there is small uncertainty that she would be deemed to hold breached the NMC ( 2004 ) guidelines, which might travel some manner towards turn outing carelessness should such a civil action arise. The NMC ( 2004 ) guidelines besides province that a nurse or accoucheuse should non administrate or alter medicine which has been ‘drawn up by another practitioner’ ; in our instance, the nurse might hold altered the physicians dose, but she had informed the physician of her concerns, and he had expressed his consent to such amendments in saying that he would fix a prescription to consequence the alterations in dose. If the nurse is found to be in breach of the professional codifications of behavior in respects to the misadministration of medicine, the fact that she was pressured into such behaviors should supply her with some defense mechanism to any ensuing disciplinary processs: As stated in the NMC ( 2004 ) , ‘where the mistake was the consequence of reckless or unqualified pattern or was concealed, and those that resulted from other causes, such as serious force per unit area of work, and where there was immediate, honest revelation in the patient’s interest’ . Sing any ethical concerns, as contained in the NMC codification of professional behavior of professional behavior: criterions for behavior, public presentation and moralss ( NMC, 2004b ) ; as stated earlier, the nurse is under an ethical responsibility to merely move within her competency, and where he or she knows him/herself to be excessively inexperient, it is his/her ain responsibility to forbear from that activity until advice has been sought and provided by a more experience practician. In this instance, there is non indicant that the nurse was in any manner in breach of her ethical responsibility in these respects. Mentions: Luxmore-May V Messenger May Baverstock [ 1990 ] 1 WLR 1009 Bolam V Friern Hospital Management Committee ( 1957 ) 1 WLR 583 Wilsher V Essex Area Health Authority [ 1987 ] Q.B. 730 The Medicines Act 1968 The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 The Medicines ( Products Other Than Veterinary Drugs ) ( Prescription Merely ) Amendment Order 1988 U.K.C.C. [ 1992 ] Code of Professional Conduct for Nurses, Midwives, and Health Visitors. UKCC, London Steadman, ( 2000 ) . Stedman s Medical Dictionary. Lippincott Williams A ; Wilkins ; 27th edition NMC ( 2004 ) Guidelines for the Administration of medical specialties. Nursing the Obstetrics Council, London. Nursing A ; Midwifery Council ( 2004a ) Midwifes regulations and criterions NMC, London Jackson, Powell and Stewart, ( 2002 ) . Jackson and Powell on Professional Negligence. Sweet and Maxwell Publishing. 19ThursdayDecember 2002. Pyne R, Accountability in rule and in pattern, British Journal of Nursing, Vol 1, No6, 1992, p301 – 304 Nursing A ; Midwifery Council ( 2004b ) NMC codification of professional behavior of professional behavior: criterions for behavior, public presentation and moralss NMC London.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

How effective are Abstinence Programs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

How effective are Abstinence Programs - Essay Example Teenagers received 336 of those tests. Increases of 273 additional tests were given to teens 14-17 in 2003 than the previous year. This paper will serve to investigate if it is plausible that a countywide holistic abstinence education program, which collaborates with other agencies in the county to offer alternative activities as well as abstinence education, would have helped to reduce the pregnancy rate among teenaged girls in the county during that period. The purpose of this study is to determine if the lack of an abstinence program in Douglas County Georgia, accounted for the increase in pregnancy rate among teenaged girls between 14-17 years of age during 2002 and 2003. The safe sex approach, which advocates contraceptive use, has led teenagers to believe that using contraceptives makes engaging in sexual intercourse a safe behavior ("Sexual Health Update," 2000). Medical evidence indicates that abstinence is the only reliable choice for avoiding pregnancy. In an article that compared the effectiveness of school-based health clinics that distributed birth control and schools that have abstinence programs, evidence showed that abstinence programs were the most effective technique for preventing adolescent sexual activity and pregnancies (Khouzem, 2003). Khouzem cited one study, in particular, that was funded by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and conducted by the Institute for Research and Evaluation. The study included almost 7,000 teenagers in grades 7 through 10 who were taught a values-based curriculum. Three Title XX programs were implemented in three school districts and later evaluated. These three curricula, Teen-Aid, Sex Re spect, and Values and Choices, were written to follow the legislative parameters of abstinence as the preventative measure for teenage pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. Pre- and posttest data were collected. Participants in each of the programs were administered two scales: the Affirmation of Abstinence and the Rejection of Permissiveness scales. On the Affirmation of Abstinence scale for both junior and senior high students, each of these programs produced a change that was statistically significant at the .000 level for Sex Respect and Teen-Aid and at the .002 level for Values and Choices. Researchers found significant differences for the Values and Choices curriculum and for the Sex Respect and Teen-Aid curricula in positively affecting students' choices regarding abstinence (Khouzem, 2003; DeGaston, Olsen, Prigmore, & Weed, 2001). The Teen-Aid abstinence education curriculum has been used in Edinburg, Washington, for 5 years. Each year, a report is published concerning the effectiveness of this curriculum in reducing "risky behavior and attitudes." This program had a statistically significant impact (p = .000) on the likelihood that participants would not have sexual intercourse before marriage and that the non-virgin teenage participants would cease their sexual activity (p = .001). There was also a statistically significant change (p = .019) in the teenagers' views that waiting until marriage to engage in sexual intercourse

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Competitive Marketing Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Competitive Marketing Strategy - Essay Example Mitchell and Butler focus mainly on increasing its food line and succeeded at increasing the market share. However the profit resulted from increasing market share and sales amounts are loss in the operation of the company. Diversification strategy is producing good results, but there are several segments where the group is over optimistic and produces over capacity. I believe that the diversification strategy, which is intended to receive gain from many segments, could present a future problem. Corporate strategy of expanding brand lines is proven to be working properly up to today. However, enhanced management capabilities to handle problems of strategic alliances should be developed in order to maintain cooperation and harmony among existing brands. Therefore, the key strengths for Mitchell and Butler in restaurant industry in the U.K. are its diversification strategy and segmental focus. In addition the company is also able to increase market share in certain segments. The company has realized the importance of addressing various customers' demands that I believe will help the company to sustain in today's fierce competition in restaurant business in the U.K. The company says that it will continue to evolve and develop its pubs and restaurants outlets in order to meet the needs and tastes of the British public while strengthening its position as the UK's leading managed pub operator. II.1.2 Weaknesses The major weakness of Mitchell and Butler is the inability of the company to turn the valuable brand equity of Mitchell and Butler into efficient financial performance. I think the cause of the inefficiency in the company is its unplanned diversification strategy. Compares to five major competitors as mentioned above, I can see that its competitors have ability to make profit from its operation. II.1.3 Opportunities There are several factors that influence an opportunities of a business. They include following items: 1. Customers' Confidence 2. Demographic trends 3. European Presence Concerning the issue on operator of pubs and restaurants' business, I see that Mitchell & Butler has great opportunities in providing the business since dance music based nightclubs have been around for approximately twenty years [and still become a profitable business to conduct]. II.1.4 Threats In addition to strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities; I found that Mitchell & Butler also faces potential threats as following: 1. Volatility of Demand Pub and restaurant still becomes attractive business. However, there are times when the would be a shifting from attending Mitchell & Butler-typed business to another hanging out places like cafes. 2. Strong Competition Despite being defined as specialized sector of the leisure services, the pub and restaurant industry is in direct competition with other hospitality services like hotels that also have their own pubs and restaurants. II.2 PEST II.2.1 Political PEST Analysis is a way of dividing the factors influencing businesses into four different groups. The first is Political factors. Political situations have a huge impact on business regulation. The stability of the political environment, international trade agreements, religion, cultural

Monday, November 18, 2019

Manac Plc. Models and concepts affecting the pricing decisions taken Essay

Manac Plc. Models and concepts affecting the pricing decisions taken by organizations, critically reflecting upon their usefulness - Essay Example The pricing policy of a firm is affected by a number of factors which contains the variable and fixed costs of the firm and the ecological factors which contains competitor analysis and legal analysis. Pricing models can be utilized to explain, forecast or explain pricing circumstances, or to prescribe pricing decisions. Irrespective of their planned use, however, models are basically abstractions of actuality. Even though they are less difficult than the real world, models should have relevant possessions of the realism they are calculated to represent. A number of more particular criteria served as the foundation for evaluating the pricing models are reviewed. Two criteria are valid to the assumptions on which the form is based. Such assumptions must be stated openly so that the user is cognizant of their existence and so able to assess their relevance and importance. Secondly, the assumptions must be realistic. â€Å"The pricing decision is a critical one for most marketers, yet the amount of attention given to this key area is often much less than is given to other marketing decisions. One reason for the lack of attention is that many believe price setting is a mechanical process requiring the marketer to utilize financial tools, such as spreadsheets, to build their case for setting price levels† (Pricing Decisions 1998). ... However, pricing decisions have vital consequences for the marketing organization and the concentration given by the dealer to pricing is just as significant as the concentration given to extra identifiable marketing actions. Some significant causes affect pricing include: Most Flexible Marketing Mix Variable: For dealers, price is the large amount variable of all marketing choices. Unlike distribution and product decisions, which can take years or months to change or several forms of promotion which may be time consuming to change, price can be changed very quickly. The elasticity of pricing choices is chiefly significant in times when the dealer seeks to rapidly stimulate demand or respond to contestant value actions. For instance, a marketer can get on a field salesperson’s request to lesser cost for a possible vision throughout a phone discussion. Similarly, a dealer in charge of online processes can raise costs on hot selling products with the click of a few website butto ns. Setting the Right Price: Pricing decisions made quickly without adequate research, analysis and planned evaluation can lead a losing income to the marketing organization. Prices set also may signify that the company is missing out on extra profits that could be earned if the target market is eager to spend extra to obtain the product. Furthermore, efforts to raise an originally low priced product to a higher cost can be met by consumer resistance as they can feel that the dealer is effecting to take benefit of their consumers. Setting of high prices can also impact on income as it prevents interested consumers from purchasing the manufactured goods. For setting the right price, substantial market knowledge is important and mostly, with new products testing of different

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Change Junctures in the Change Management Process

Change Junctures in the Change Management Process Critical change junctures in the change management process at Spectrum sun-Glass Company Introduction In the simulation undertaken, I am the Director of Product Innovation under the unit handling Research and Development for a company called Spectrum sun-glass Harvard (2012). I am very passionate about sustainability and would be very like the company to offer green products to its clients. At a recent company retreat, I tried sharing the discussion I had had with the Vice President of our biggest retail customer, Bigmart; in which he had intimated that Bigmart was about to require all their suppliers to, go through the Green Certification process. As I proceeded, most of my colleagues were displeased; with the Chief Finance Officer, Paul DArcy and the Vice President for Operations Luke Filer, coming out very strongly, against my proposal. I however received support from the Vice President (VP) of Sales and Marketing, Leslie Harris and Vice President (VP) for Human Resources, Mary Gopinath. As a compromise, the CEO appointed me as the head of a team from the different departments to develop a plan that is acceptable to all. As I lacked any formal authority, I had to rely on my personal credibility which was quite high at this point. 2.0 Section 1: 1st decision: Hosting a town-hall meeting in week 25 and the reasoning behind. To start with, I undertook a range of decisions to raise my personal credibility and increase awareness. For instance, in week 0-24, I had private interviews with colleagues (particularly those opposed to the initiative), I received support from a consultant, and I received the CEOs support, to mention but a few. However, the decision that most advanced my change management process, was the town hall meeting that I held in week 25. This town hall meeting alone moved the following individuals from the awareness to the trial stage: Andrew Chen, Walt James, Bob Ingram, Yao Li, Mark Robert, Anne Thompson, Louise Crysh and Dianne Mcnatt. The reasoning behind this decision was informed by Robert Ciadini as quoted in Cliffe, S (2013) who says that ; if one intends to persuade people, one needs to appeal to six human responses namely; people will follow through with commitments that they have made publicly, people will do things that they see people similar to them do, when people are uncert ain about certain things, they tend to look towards experts and other possible sources of information, people are more likely to accept proposals from someone that they like, people tend to respond positively to people who have helped them in the past and people value things whose supply is limited. The town hall meeting was therefore a perfect lever for me to use, as it enabled people to accept my proposal, if other people in the group were to accept. Secondly, it enabled colleagues to make a public commitment to my proposed change, than say, in the private interviews. In addition, the town hall meeting was a perfect opportunity for me to share my extensive knowledge on the issue of sustainability and why it is important for our company and future growth. In the face of uncertainty, my colleagues were then more likely to defer to me and agree to my proposal. Looking back, at the levers that I used, I should also have continued with personal interviews, particularly with the key opp onents of my plan. This strategy of co-opting antagonists is well elaborated in Pfeffer, J (2010), as a way of winning over opponents and giving them a stake in the process of change. Personally, this could also have involved making concessions to the CFO and the VP-Operations in private, so that they start to own a part of the plan. 3.0 Section 2: How I would implement the change action above in practice In practice, I would seek to utilize the levers provided in a concurrent fashion. Whereas, in the simulation, I could only hold a town hall meeting, for instance; I would in practice, seek to complement this with a public statement of support from the CEO. I would also look at having the consultants report delivered during the townhall meeting. In addition to these formal avenues for influencing my colleagues, I would seek out opportunities to help out colleagues. In this way, I would create an obligation on their part to reciprocate. This would therefore ensure that when they are called upon to support my proposal, they would feel conflicted, not to support it. Similarly, I would try to make every effort to get myself liked by colleagues, in very casual settings. This liking would them make it more likely, that they would support my proposal. I would focus less on the means, and focus more on the end. That is, I would be extremely flexible with the levers and concentrate more on the goal of having management agree to Spectrum-sun glass making green products. I would also seek to appreciate the arguments of my colleagues, in Finance and operations. To allay their fears about the financial and operational challenges of the new proposal, I would invite their contributions on how these can be addressed. I would be willing to accept these suggestions as it helps me attain my overall goal-albeit with certain changes. In addition to the personal interviews and town halls, I would also look-out and encourage opportunities for my colleagues to air their views and even reservations about my proposal. This would help me to understand the main issues that my opponents value and would then enable me to respond appropriately. 4.0 Section 3: 2nd decision/Juncture: Building a coalition of support in week 43 and the reasoning behind In week 43, I sought to build a coalition of supporters among the staff, as a way of trying to move the organization from the awareness to the movement stage of the change process. Not only did this decision, have no effect on the organization; it also resulted in a loss of my credibility as some staff were not enthusiastic about the idea. In making this decision, my assumption had been that there was then sufficient interest, in my proposal, among the team. In fact, this result (the failure to build a coalition of support) could be explained by the various theories about organizational culture. For example, Chatman, J, Eunyoung Cha, S (2003) posit that organizational culture is very powerful as it energizes and rallies employees around common perceived goals or objectives. The lack of interest by the employees of Spectrum sun-glass in joining a coalition of support could therefore be partially explained by the culture of the organization. This view is supported by, Goffee, R, Jone s, G (1996) who explains that organizations can be grouped on the basis of their cultures, as follows: Networked Organizations-in which there is a lot of informality, cliques and limited commitment to company goals, Mercenary Organizations,-in which decisions are made by top management and enforced swiftly throughout the organization, Fragmented organizations-in which there is limited solidarity and collaboration across departments and communal organizations, in which there is a lot of socializing at work and solidarity. Based on the above metric, I would classify Spectrum sun-glass as a Fragmented company where there is limited solidarity and collaboration across departments. Alternatively; and as explained by Prof Tim Morris in his lecture on leading through culture; company cultures can be assessed on five dimensions, namely; whether it has a single or multiple cultures, whether decision making is low or high consensus, whether there is an internal or client focus, whether the pe rformance orientation is high or low and whether there is internal cooperation or competition. Based on the above criteria; I would rate Spectrum sun-glass as having a single culture, high consensus decision making, client focus, a high performance orientation and internal competition. With the above information and in retrospect; I should not have sought to create a coalition in such an organizational culture, at the time I did. Instead, I should have concentrated on enabling change through consolidating and relying on my personal credibility, communicating my proposal and making the necessary emotional connection and training. 5.0 How I would implement the change action above in practice In practice, I would start by analyzing the existing organizational culture. I would then craft a very convincing slogan to motivate my colleagues to adopt my approach. For instance, Go Green, More Profits, and More Pay. To further promote interest in my proposal, I would create a sense of urgency, by making the slogan action oriented, Goffee, et al, (1996). As this is a fragmented and mercenary organization, I would also try to organize dialogues on my proposal in informal settings; like lunch, parties and so on. As these parties are enjoyable for those who attend, this tends to increase my likability and the social dynamic within the group. It would also be critical for me to create a place of psychological safety to ask questions about my proposal, to receive honest feedback, to discuss any reservations and errors of approach openly. In this way, I would reinforce the solidarity of the group and its ability to socialize Chatman, et al (2003). 6.0 Conclusion In the end, I was able through the use of the various levers to have eighteen adopters by week 56. This translated into a change efficiency ratio of 0.32, which is high. My change leadership skills (the mishaps, notwithstanding) ensured that I was able to convince a critical mass of managers to adopt the initiative on sustainability. This significantly improved the financial prospects of the company and my professional prospects. Bibliography Chatman, J, Eunyoung Cha, S 2003, Leading by Leveraging Culture, California Management Review, 45, 4, pp. 20-34, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 17 January 2017. Cliffe, S 2013, The Uses (and Abuses) of Influence, Harvard Business Review, 91, 7/8, pp. 76-81, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 17 January 2017. Goffee, R, Jones, G 1996, What Holds the Modern Company Together?, Harvard Business Review, 74, 6, pp. 133-148, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 17 January 2017 Harvard (2012) Change management simulation: Power and influence. Available at: http://forio.com/simulate/harvard/change-management/simulation/index.html#introduction (Accessed: 17 January 2017). Pfeffer, J 2010, Power Play, Harvard Business Review, 88, 7/8, pp. 84-92, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 17 January 2017 Tim Morris (2016) Lecture Slide on Leading through Culture, Available at: https://weblearn.ox.ac.uk/access/content/group/1ed98592-bb15-4079-ad29 b1e4e73be816/Document%20Library/Lecture%20Slides/LF16%2010.1%20Organisational%20Culture.pdf (Accessed: 18 January 2017).

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Age Of Discovery Essay -- essays research papers

What were the Effects of the Age of Discovery?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Age of Exploration was a time of struggle and wealth for many European countries. The pursuit of a trade route to the Far East led many countries across the ocean, looking for the great spice cities that were rumored by Marco Polo. These countries knew that whoever found the shortest or best route would become rich, very quickly. Explorers from many European countries embarked on journeys that not even they had any clue where they were going. This search for the Far East led to many discoveries that would otherwise have never been found.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Christopher Columbus may have been one of the most influential people ever to live. His pursuit of the spice trade routes led him to a completely new continent. While he first thought it was Asia, later explorers found it to be a new continent. It was very likely that someone other than Columbus would have eventually found the New World, but he was the first, which makes him the most important.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The New World proved to be a blockbuster as far as the other “finds'; during this time period. The impact, both directly and indirectly on the lives of the Europeans was tremendous. It promoted wealth and it led to a desire for more explorers. The competition of the countries was amazing. There was always a race to see who would start the first colony, who would explore the continent, and of course wh...

Monday, November 11, 2019

Macroeconomic Analysis: Russia

Since the financial crisis in 1998, Russia has been experiencing impressive economic growth due to the collaboration of monetary and fiscal policies that stabilized the performance of major economic indicators up to this day. Many economists regard the impressive performance of Russia as part increase of the volume of investment in the said country. On the other hand, some says that the notable growth of Russia should be attributed to the increase of oil prices in the international market (Traveldocs.com 2008: 1). Despite of the various claims on what really was the foundation of Russia’s economic stability for the past nine years, it would be better to examine first what are the performances of some major economic indicators like GDP Growth, Balance of Trade, Inflation Rate, Unemployment Rate and Interest Rate of the said country for the past four years. GDP Growth Rate In 2004, Russia experienced 7.76 percent growth on their GDP from 1.4 billion USD of 2003 to approximately 1.5 billion USD of 2004 (Alcarastore.com 2008: 1). This increase in the GDP growth rate was triggered by the improvement of consumer demand from 2003 to 2004. On the other hand, by the end of 2005, Russia experienced sluggish improvement on the growth of GDP from 7.76 to 6.93 percent primarily due to the instability happened on the investment component of the economy caused by unclear limit and conditions non foreign investment, obsolete infrastructure as well as delayed economic reforms of the government. But in general sense, the GDP of Russia still increased by around 150 million USD. By 2006, Russia once again performed robust increase on their GDP growth rate from 6.93 to 7.8 percent as the economy starts to recover from the adverse effects of unstable investment climate caused by delayed fiscal policies. Last 2007, the Russian GDP already reached its 2 billion USD level which caused their GDP growth rate to achieved 8.3 percent growth level as the investors and consumption continues to improve in the domestic market of Russia. Trade Balance Another major economic indicator of Russia’s economic performance would be the Trade Balance. For the past four years, the trade balance of Russia has been performing remarkable as this economic indicator continues to increase from 2004 to 2007 due to the strong consumer demand and fixed capital formation growth of the Russian economy. In 2004, the trade balance of Russia reached around 85.8 billion USD as the consequence of the increase of their non-oil exports by the end of 2003. The improvement of non-oil exports of Russia continued to positively influence the trade balance of the said country for the succeeding years like in 2005, the trade balance increased by 23 billion USD while it increased by 22 billion in 2006 (The Federal State Statistics Office Service 2007: 1). Though there was a slight growth in the trade balance of Russia during 2007 due to the significant excess of growth rates of import above the growth rates of exports. Nonetheless, the Russian economists is still optimistic regarding the performance of the trade balance of the Russian economy this year as their monetary and fiscal policies starts to combat the said issue on trade balance. Inflation Rate Prices of goods in Russia has been experiencing sluggish growth rate since 2003 as the result of the fiscal policies of the Russian government despite of the fact that they also have to lower down their unemployment rate. Theoretically, if unemployment rate decreases, inflation is being expected to increase based from the Philips Curve, but with the fiscal policies of the Russian government such as the bilateral market access agreement with the United States as a prelude to their possible entry to WTO, prices of domestic goods starts to decrease thereby creating a force for the inflation rate to decline since 2003 (Indexmundi.com 2007a: 1). In 2004, the inflation rate was equivalent to 13.7 percent while it reached 11.5 percent in 2005 (Indexmundi.com 2007c: 1). Though it increased again to 12.7 percent in 2006, inflation rate still managed to continue its good performance in 2007 by reaching 9.8 percent as the policies on regional monopolies and trade regulation of the Russian government starts to work on their economic system to stabilize the domestic prices of goods and services (Russiatoday.ru 2007: 1). Unemployment Rate As the number of job opportunities in Russia continues to increase for the past years plus the effort of the Russian government to attract more foreign investors to their economy, unemployment rate starts to decline since 2004 with 8.5 percent unemployment rate. By the start of 2005, the Russian government already felt the positive impact of their rigorous action to provide more job opportunities to the Russian labor pool which resulted to the further deterioration of unemployment rate from 8.5 percent of 2004 to 8.3 percent of 2005 and then from 7.6 percent in 2006 to 6.6 percent of 2007 (Indexmundi.com 2007b: 1). This only means that the Russian government has been successful for the past four years in combating the unemployment rate of their country which could further contribute to their impressive economic growth in the next coming years. Interest Rates One of the most concerns of foreign investors, interest rate on borrowing in Russia exhibits good investment condition as it continues to decreases annually due to the stable financial sector of Russia for the past years after the financial crisis in 1998. The loan rate or the interest rate on borrowing on Russia in 2004 was equal to 11.4 percent and decreased to 10.7 percent by 2005 as the Russian government started to implement economic reforms on their financial institutions in order to make their economy more attractive to foreign investors. As a result, with the stable financial sector and fiscal policies to attract more foreign investors, interest rate on borrowing continues to decline from 10.4 percent in 2006 to 10 percent in 2007 with accordance to Ordinance No. 1660 dated in February 17, 2006 (The Central Bank of the Russian Federation 2005: 1). Economic Strengths and Weaknesses Based from the given performance of Russia’s major economic indicators, it is clear that the business environment in Russia is very much attractive and provides a better outlook in the next couple of years. Like for instance, the impressive growth of their GDP, it only signifies how active is the domestic consumption and investment level in the Russian economy and gives the investors a bird’s eye view of the possible return to investment that the Russian economy could give to them. Moreover, despite of the fact that there were some periods wherein the Russian economy performs badly, but the point is, with the proper action of the Russian government, almost all of the economic problems was resolved and put the market back into its equilibrium condition. Another example of the strengths of the Russian economy would be the cheap borrowing in Russia as their interest rate on borrowing continues to declines for the past years in order to attract more foreign investors to their economy. This would provide further improvements on the investment sector of the Russian economy plus the possibility of increase in the number of job opportunities for the Russian labor pool. As a result, economic activity in Russia is expected to boost alongside with the improvement in the investment and labor sector of the economy. Most of the time, investors prefer countries that can offer cheaper loans in order to finance their business expansion especially those multinational companies that aggressively finds more countries which could give them competitive advantage either in a form of cheaper labor, loans, technologies, favorable government subsidies and other factors of production to name a few. Furthermore, the effort of the Russian government to become less dependent on their oil exports in order to attain impressive economic growth by increasing the volume of their non-oil exports goods and services. This would provide an avenue towards the attainment of sustainable growth on their trade balance. The fact that the Russian oil exports already provides large chunk on the total GDP of the country plus the improvement on the volume of their non-oil exports reflects the increasing trend of their trade balance for the past years. Maybe this is one of the results of attracting more foreign investors in Russia which establishes manufacturing plants in Russia and then export the finished products to the international markets. The last but not the least strength of the Russian economy would be the increase in the number of job opportunities for their labor sector. This provides enough room for the Russian consumers to have more disposable income which reflects to the increasing domestic consumption of their consumers in the recent years. As a result of the increase in disposable income of the consumers, domestic investment becomes more profitable thereby attracting domestic investors to establish or expand their business. At the end of the day, both the foreign and domestic investors in Russia works hand in hand in order to utilize the Russian labor sector; while on the other hand, it also provides an avenue towards the improvement per capita income of the Russians. One of the major weaknesses of the Russian economy would be the dependence on the foreign direct investments which could cause major damages on their economic stability once the financial sector in Russia becomes unsuitable to foreign investment. What the Russian government should do is to intensify their domestic investments in order to provide enough room for their domestic investors to utilize the improvement made the foreign investors on the economic environment in Russia through rapid expansion and regulation of regional monopolies in order for other domestic investors to enter various industries. Evaluation of the Government Policy The Ordinance No. 1660 which provides the further decrease of the interest rate on borrowing since 2006 serves to be one of the effective policies of the Russian government in order to make the Russian economy more attractive to foreign investors. Furthermore, this policy only provides an impression to the foreign market how stable the Russian financial sector is since they manage to offer lower interest rates on borrowing to foreign investors. The Russian government is very much confident that they can sustain such policy since they possesses large amount of foreign reserves that can easily be liquidated in case of money shortages in the economy (Ignatiev 2007: 1-2). The bilateral market access agreement with the United States as a prelude to their possible entry to WTO of Russia is also a good policy in further improving the stability of the Russian economy since this provides an avenue towards the attainment of lower inflation rate in the domestic market as cheaper goods from other country starts to enter Russia. At the end of the day, the domestic prices of goods and services in Russian domestic market, especially those from the regional monopolies, would be forced to lower down their prices in order to compete to imported products coming from other countries thereby creating enough room for the inflation rate of Russia to depreciate for the past year. Works Cited Alcarastore.com (2008). Russia GDP PPP and GDP Growth Rates 2003-2007 [online]. Available: http://www.alacrastore.com/country-snapshot/Russia. [Accessed 2 April 2008]. Ignatiev, Sergey (2007). The Macroeconomic Situation and Monetary Policy in Russia [online]. Available: http://www.bis.org/review/r070608d.pdf [Accessed 2 April 2008]. Indexmundi.com (2007a). Russian Economy Profile 2007 [online]. Available: http://www.indexmundi.com/russia/economy_profile.html [Accessed 2 April 2008]. Indexmundi.com (2007b). Russia Unemployment Rate [online]. Available: http://www.indexmundi.com/russia/unemployment_rate.html [Accessed 2 April 2008]. Indexmundi.com (2007c). Russia Inflation Rate (Consumer Prices) [online]. Available: http://www.indexmundi.com/russia/inflation_rate_(consumer_prices).html [Accessed 2 April 2008]. Russiatoday.ru (2007). Russia to miss 2007 inflation target: Economic Minister [online]. Available: http://www.russiatoday.ru/business/news/15319 [Accessed 2 April 2008]. The Central Bank of the Russian Federation (2005). Interest Rates in 2004 [online]. Available: http://www.cbr.ru/eng/statistics/credit_statistics/print.asp?file=interest_rates_04_e.htm [Accessed 2 April 2008]. The Federal State Statistics Office Service (2007). Foreign Trade of the Russian Federation [online]. Available: http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/2007/b07_12/25-02.htm [Accessed 2 April 2008]. Traveldocs.com (2008). Russian Federation: Economy [online]. Available: http://www.traveldocs.com/ru/economy.htm [Accessed 2 April 2008]. Â  

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Journey Through My Mind Essays - Epistemology, Afterlife, Belief

Journey Through My Mind Essays - Epistemology, Afterlife, Belief Journey Through My Mind Human beings are very inquisitive creatures by nature. Since the dawn of mankind, the basis for existence has been relentlessly sought. Everyone has differing views and everyone is right according to him or herself. So, what does that mean? Why do people believe the things they do? My Agnostic religion is a very large part of who I am, and that is why I have decided to focus my paper on this aspect of my life. Unlike the majority of the people on this earth (estimated at somewhere around 95% I believe), I do not necessarily believe in God or a higher creature. I was not raised to worship an invisible, omnipotent being and I believe this is the main reason I think the way I do now. I was raised to have a very liberal mind towards everything and I have come to the realization that this is the best way to live. Curiosity has guided my mind through countless hours of contemplation over certain beliefs and flaws in these beliefs. I will be making a few generalizations in this paper. This is wholly for the sake of argument. As a rule, I invite criticism because it gives me more to think about and I will undoubtedly gain insight, which is the ultimate goal. First of all, how can a person decide without doubt that they are right without even understanding all the other ideas. It is my opinion that most people are not educated on all the other hundreds of thousands of differing beliefs on the subject of creation and religion. It seems to me that many people know a great deal about their own religion, but are completely in the dark about anything else. It also occurred to me that many people are simply born into a religion, and never stray from it. How can you make a decision before you know all the facts and all the choices? It is like taking a multiple-choice test, and automatically picking A because it is the first thing you read and it looks right. It doesnt matter what the others choices are, because A has to be right. Obviously there is not much logic to this method, yet it is what happens all the time. If you are born Christian and raised Christian and know about Christian and only Christian then a Christian belief system is comforting to you. Humans like comfort. Humans like to be assured that they are right. They get this assurance from attending church. Observation the second: is there one Absolute Truth? Many people argue that the afterlife is different for everyone, and therefore, everyone can be right. Is this conceivable? So, does that mean I can believe whatever I want about the afterlife and that will come true? I am eliminating this possibility for, to me it is merely the easy way out, therefore there can only be one other option; that there IS only one Absolute Truth. In that case, that must mean someone is right. Wait, no it doesnt! One religion could be the right one, but not necessarily. Maybe no one has actually stumbled upon the real truth yetthis is a possibility. Either way, in either of those cases, it means there are literally billions of people who are dedicating their entire lives to a belief that, for all intents and purposes, is completely false. Thats discouraging. Does this mean they are all destined for an afterlife of damnation in hell? According to many religions, that is true. Thats even more discouraging. Alarming observation number three: How can someone stick so ardently to something that they were merely by chance born into, when there are so many other possibilities and such a high chance of being wrong? Does everyone just happen to be lucky and have been born into the right religion? Apparently. History has already proven that masses of people can be wrong. I will revert to that good old example of the flat earth idea. Of course the world isnt flat. We know that now because we have the scientific capabilities of determining that its not. Hundreds of years ago, when this flat earth idea was born, they

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

How to Convert Grams to Moles - Step by Step Instructions

How to Convert Grams to Moles - Step by Step Instructions Many chemical calculations require the number of moles of a material, but how do you measure a mole? One common way is to measure the mass in grams and convert to moles. Converting grams to moles is easy with these few steps. The Process Determine the molecular formula of the molecule.Use the periodic table to determine the atomic mass of each element in the molecule.Multiply each elements atomic mass by the number of atoms of that element in the molecule. This number is represented by the subscript next to the element symbol in the molecular formula.Add these values together for each different atom in the molecule. This will give you the molecular mass of the molecule. This is equal to the number of grams in one mole of the substance.Divide the number of grams of the substance by the molecular mass. The answer will be the number of moles of the compound. See an example of converting grams to moles.

Monday, November 4, 2019

Smoking Tobacco Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Smoking Tobacco - Essay Example In view of distributed data from 2005, more than 14 percent of the mature person populace in the UAE utilizes tobacco. The majority of the smokers are guys. Generally, smoking is basic around junior mature people. Something like 25 percent of scrutinized understudies was accounted for to have attempted tobacco, before the age of 10. Rolling a cigarette in the UAE is not famous and it is for the most part specialists who are said to move smoke. To be sure, the country has a long history of channel smoking. Two sorts of channels are mainstream in United Arab Emirates- the little and the enormous channel known as medwakh and shisha, separately. The recent is not generally utilized at home yet is rather utilized at bistros and restaurants for entertainment. Simply recently, purchasers have been in a position to request shisha to use at home, despite the fact that this has not been the accepted way of utilizing it. Smoking shisha has been prevalent and individuals dont see it as smoking, the motivation behind why it is adequate socially actually for ladies to utilize it though smoking cigarettes is taken as not a good fit for ladies. In view of a study completed in 2005 of utilization of tobacco around college people in UAE, 9.4 percent of the learners smoked smokes and 5.6 percent utilized a water pipe. Regardless of the fact that ladies made up 8.9 percent of smoke smokers, they embodied 26.2 of the individuals who smoked water pipe. The key players for smoking tobacco have been Kamberjaffer with 23 percent took after by AFCO and Royal Theodorus with 28 and 11 percent individually. Premium-esteemed smoke represent majority of the volume of cigarette sales in the state and cigarettes are expanding quicker than the easier quality cigarillos in the nation. The opposition is not on the cost yet the nature of the item every admin attempts to make his or her items to emerge and have a quality equivalent to the cost. Quality occurred in light of

Saturday, November 2, 2019

The Yield Curve Kink Decision Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Yield Curve Kink Decision - Essay Example For example, Tony Boeckh had extensive skills in bank credit and was a skilled economist. On the other hand, James Hymas, who was the president and the chief executive officer, was the portfolio manager while Eric Deckert and Bing Li were the company analysts (Hunger, 2002). Currently the company is managing over $1.7 billion, pension funds. As the company portrayed strong record of accomplishment, it attracted more clients and within 7 years, it gained over $400 million in pension business even though it lost small pension accounts that were worth $10 million in total (Iansiti and Levien, 2004). By the end of September 1997, Greydanus, Broekh and Associates annualized return stood at 13.80% rising above the SCM universe bond index that stood at 13.56% (Steve, 2010). At the same year, the company monthly returns at the end of September stood at 1.97% while the duration was 5.56 as compared to the SCM return and duration which stood at 1.72% and 5.47 respectively. According to the independent pension consultant, GBA investment style includes 20% pure interest rate anticipation while the quantitative value strategies stood at the remaining 80%. Given its effort to make sustainable investment decisions, GBA makes its investment decisions based quantitative as well as computer models. In order for the company to increase its revenue, sometimes it times the market for example in 1994 and 1995. During this time, GBA noted that the market had overshot and the possibility of interest rates declining was high. As a result, the company limited its investment portfolio to avoid losses. In most of the times, the company managed its investment portfolio in a range within 1.5 years of the recognized standard fixed income benchmark unless the customers applied a different benchmark (Steve, 2010). One notable aspect to note for GBA is that it invested entirely in government bonds, and a strategy the company adopted in ensuring the maximum earnings of

Thursday, October 31, 2019

Summarizing Four Articles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Summarizing Four Articles - Essay Example Similarly, reducing the abuse and use of drugs cannot solely be achieved by the efforts of the department of health alone, but requires the integration of the political players, the public health and those in the public policy to establish an integrated approach that can be applied to face the problem of drugs (Tarantola, 1). The national drug problem cannot also be addressed through the establishment of good drug treatment and rehabilitation services, since even though such efforts might help to address the problem of those who are already addicted to drug use, the approach does less to prevent the use of drugs by those who have not yet started using drugs (Reuter and Pollack, 341). The combined efforts of the police and the researchers in social crimes is an important concept towards addressing social crimes such as vandalism, drug and alcohol use, owing to the fact that such combined efforts serve as complimentary efforts that makes identifying and alleviating social crimes much e asier, than when the police department is left to address the crimes on its own (Baker and Wolfer, 47). According to the article, â€Å"Community Governance an Organized Approach to Fighting Crime†, by Joe Reiss, the police department on its own cannot be able to fight social crimes effectively, while the adoption of the community policing strategy either, may not be too helpful (Reiss, 8). The City of Anaheim in California is a good example of how the integrated efforts of the police, community policing and other city departments can help address social crimes. In this city, the combined efforts of the police, community preservation department, the public works department, the utilities department and the office of the attorney, reinforced by the community policing efforts made it possible to reduce the social neighborhood crimes by almost 80% in the 2000s (Reiss, 9). Through increased coordination and

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Build a Fire with Nature Essay Example for Free

Build a Fire with Nature Essay The story is told in an omniscient point of view about a man’s journey through the Yukon wilderness all alone, with only a Husky as a companion. While the man’s thoughts are occupied with many characters such as the old timer in Sulphur Creek and the boys that he is to meet in the other camp, it is evident in the story that there are only two characters: the unnamed protagonist and the dog. Given this, the conflict that is observed in the story is one that of internal conflict: a man’s struggle to overcome everyday natural circumstances that turn to be his plight and his downfall because of his overconfidence in the possibility of conquering nature. The story is a commentary on how humans are always in conflict with nature, and it is up to them to align themselves with the workings of nature or not. In case of the latter, they will suffer the consequences because of the notion that nature can never be conquered nor defied without doing ill or even death to whoever takes the endeavor. As already established, the conflict represented in the story is between man and his struggle with nature. It is interesting to note that the character of the dog is significant in the story. As a matter of fact, it serves as the embodiment of what nature is and what it can do. When the man remembers the advice of the old timer in Sulphur Creek and realizes for the first time that he made a mistake, it is not a big deal to the dog. The dog is portrayed as an expert of the winter and the trail. This wisdom of the dog is suggested in the words of the author: â€Å"The animal is depressed by the tremendous cold. It knew that it was no time for traveling. Its instinct told it a truer tale than was told to the man by the man’s judgment† (London 422). Even with this, the man feels superior over the dog and does not realize that the dog is more knowledgeable than him when it comes to surviving the winter. Furthermore, it even crosses his mind to kill the dog for his own survival, but it is not feasible. When he calls the dog to realize his evil plans, â€Å"its suspicious nature sensed danger—it knew not what danger, but somewhere, somehow, in its brain arose an apprehension of the man† (London 432). This idea of him wanting to kill the dog suggests control and defiance of nature. It is observed that in the end, the dog is able to find its way safe to the next camp which suggests that nature knows better than man. â€Å"And still later it crept close to the man and caught the scent of death. This made the animal bristle and back away. Then it turned and trotted up the trail in the direction of the camp it knew, where were the other food-providers and fire-providers† (London 435). The unnamed protagonist succumbs to death after two failures of building fire to warm himself. This is a result of his stubbornness of traveling all alone after being warned by an old timer that it is not safe to hike when the temperature is fifty degrees below zero. His first struggle of building a fire to warm his wet legs and foot-gear is undone when â€Å"one bough capsized its load of snow† to the fire (London 429). This incident is again an indication that man has nothing to do with the workings of nature. The fire that he builds for his own protection and comfort is extinguished right away by just a load of snow from the same tree where he took the twigs and branches to feed the fire. â€Å"Each time he had pulled a twig he had communicated a slight agitation to the tree—an imperceptible agitation, so far as he was concerned, but an agitation is sufficient to bring about the disaster† (London 429). This event suggests that the very essence of nature in providing for every human need is also negated in its ability to extinguish what is excessive and what is not wholly deserved. When he realized that he has already failed many times in keeping himself warm and has made a mistake to travel by himself when he should not, he decides to end his struggle. The moment he decides to fight no more and accept his fate is the moment where he achieves the epiphany that the old man was right and that nature is impossible to be owned or conquered. No matter how he struggles to survive nature’s pangs of cold, â€Å"He was losing in his battle with the frost. It was creeping into his body from all sides† (London 434). In conclusion, the death of the protagonist is neither caused by his inability to build fire nor his lack of knowledge of the fire and the winter. It is caused by his defiance of nature’s forces. First, he refuses to take heed of the old timer’s precautions. Second, he believes too much of himself that he can survive the winter by himself. As a matter of fact, he disregards the dog all throughout the story except when he plans to kill it. Third, instead of availing the only help he can get—the dog—he plans to kill it, and in this way, he commits a crime against nature. As a consequence, he fails to kill it for his fingers are numbed with the cold, and he is unable to at least throttle the animal. The dog displays knowledge and wisdom in surviving the trail and the winter; however, the man has not realized this. If only he knew, they could have been safe in the next camp in no time. Finally, it was too late when he decides to conform to nature. It was the last and final stage that ultimately leads to his death. When he gave up the idea of fighting nature back, he realizes one important thing: that there is no way he can conquer nature. He realizes that the only way to live and survive alongside nature is to build fire with it, not against it. Work Cited London, Jack. â€Å"To Build a Fire. † Great American Short Stories: From Hawthorne to Hemingway. Eds. Corinne Demas. San Francisco: Spark Educational Publishing, 2004. 420-435.

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Heating Ventilation And Air Conditioning

Heating Ventilation And Air Conditioning Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) constitutes up to 35 percent of energy used in manufacturing facilities. HVAC stands for heating, ventilation and air conditioning and refers to the equipment, distribution network and terminals used either collectively or individually to provide fresh filtered air, heating, cooling and humidity control in a building. A facility can have any combination of heating and cooling sources to supply the HVAC system. For heating a facility, a gas-or oil-fired boiler or furnace, heat pump, rooftop unit, new technology such as infrared radiation, or electric heat could be employed. Common cooling sources include rooftop units, chillers, heat pumps, air conditioner or some sort of off-peak cooling system. The Basic HVAC Design HVAC systems can vary in design and complexity. Air is taken through an outdoor air intake that is usually a louvered opening on the top or side of the building. Atmospheric pressure pushes the air through a damper, which regulates the amount of outdoor air (OA) taken in by the system. At this point, already conditioned return air (RA) from the system can be mixed with the outdoor air to form mixed air. The mixed air goes through pre-filter where larger dust particles; insects, leaves, etc. are caught. A more efficient filter is usually present to address small particles. After the filters, the air enters a centrifugal fan. Once exiting the fan outlet, the air is under positive pressure and being Pushed towards coils where the air is either heated or cooled, depending on the temperature of the air and the season. Under the coils lies a drain pan to collect any water condensing on the coils. If a humidifier or dehumidifier is needed it is usually incorporated into the cycle at this point. The air travels through ductwork where it reaches a distribution box and may travel through smaller ducts to supply the terminals, registers or diffusers into the workspace. Once the air reaches its destination, it is returned through an air register (usually through a louvered door that opens into a space above the ceiling tiles) in the form of return air that will become mixed air or exit the building. Air Conditioning Air conditioning is treating air for temperature, cleanliness and humidity, and directing its distribution to meet requirements of a conditioned space. Comfort air conditioning is when the primary function of the system is to provide comfort to occupants of the conditioned space. The term industrial air conditioning is used when the primary function is other than comfort. There are three basic types of air conditioners: à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã†â€™ Direct expansion coolers include window air conditioners, heat pumps and packaged or rooftop units. Air is cooled and dehumidified as it moves past a cold, refrigerant-filled coil. à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã†â€™ Chilled water systems use water cooled by a refrigeration machine instead of air. This cool water supplies a coil, which cools and dehumidifies the air. à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã†â€™ Evaporative (or swamp) coolers are usually only appropriate in hot, dry climates and bring hot air in contact with a water spray or damp surface. The result is evaporation of moisture, which lowers the temperature of the air. What is Ventilation Ventilation is a process that either supplies or removes air from a space by natural or mechanical means. All air that is exhausted from a building must be replaced by outside air. Outside air must be brought to a certain temperature by makeup air units used throughout the building. Negative building pressure can be a problem during winter heating season and could lead to a number of other problems such as difficulty in opening doors and equipment operation. Air seeps through gaps around windows, doors and ducts. While designing HVAC systems for energy efficiency-cy, it is also good to take into account the design for human comfort. Good working conditions increase productivity and employee satisfaction. The HVAC design should incorporate: à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã†â€™ a determination of indoor conditions and how energy use is affected; à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã†â€™ the impact on equipment selection, ducting and register design; and à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã†â€™ determination whether certain conditions will be acceptable for comfort criterion. Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) Systems The main purposes of a Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) system are to help maintain good indoor air quality through adequate ventilation with filtration and provide thermal comfort. The choice and design of the HVAC system can also affect many other high performance goals, including water consumption (water cooled air conditioning equipment) and acoustics. Codes and Standards Many state codes also specify minimum energy efficiency requirements, ventilation controls, pipe and duct insulation and sealing, and system sizing, among other factors. In addition, some states and localities have established ventilation and other indoor air quality related requirements that must also be followed. Design in accordance with ASHRAE standards Design systems to provide outdoor air ventilation in accord with ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007 and thermal comfort in accord with ASHRAE Standard 55-1992 (with 1995 Addenda) Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy Ensure familiarity with, and adherence to, all state and local building codes and standards. Potential for Natural Ventilation and Operable Windows In some parts of the country, where temperature and humidity levels permit, natural ventilation through operable windows can be an effective and energy-efficient way to supplement HVAC systems to provide outside air ventilation, cooling, and thermal comfort when conditions permit (e.g., temperature, humidity, outdoor air pollution levels, precipitation). Windows that open and close can enhance occupants sense of well-being and feeling of control over their environment. They can also provide supplemental exhaust ventilation during renovation activities that may introduce pollutants into the space. However, sealed buildings with appropriately designed and operated HVAC systems can often provide better indoor air quality than a building with operable windows. Uncontrolled ventilation with outdoor air can allow outdoor air contaminants to bypass filters, potentially disrupt the balance of the mechanical ventilation equipment, and permit the introduction of excess moisture if access is not controlled. Strategies using natural ventilation include wind driven cross-ventilation and stack ventilation that employs the difference in air densities to provide air movement across a space. Both types of natural ventilation require careful engineering to ensure convective flows. The proper sizing and placement of openings is critical and the flow of air from entry to exit must not be obstructed (e.g., by closed perimeter rooms). Designers should consider the use of natural ventilation and operable windows to supplement mechanical ventilation. Consider outdoor sources of pollutants (including building exhausts and vehicle traffic) and noise when determining if and where to provide operable windows. If operable windows will be used to supplement the HVAC system, ensure that: openings for outdoor air are located between 3-6 feet from the floor (head height); the windows are adjustable and can close tightly and securely; the windows are placed to take maximum advantage of wind direction, with openings on opposite sides of the building to maximize cross-ventilation. Selection of HVAC Equipment In most parts of the country, climatic conditions require that outdoor air must be heated and cooled to provide acceptable thermal comfort for building occupants, requiring the addition of HVAC systems. The selection of equipment for heating, cooling and ventilating the school building is a complex design decision that must balance a great many factors, including heating and cooling needs, energy efficiency, humidity control, potential for natural ventilation, adherence to codes and standards, outdoor air quantity and quality, indoor air quality, and cost. Where feasible, use central HVAC air handling units (AHUs) that serve multiple rooms in lieu of unit ventilators or individual heat pumps. Although there are many different types of air handling units, for general IAQ implications in schools, air handling units can be divided into two groups: unit ventilators and individual heat pump units that serve a single room without ducts; and central air handling units that serve several rooms via duct work. Unit ventilators and heat pumps have the advantage of reduced floor space requirements, and they do not recirculate air between rooms. However, it is more difficult to assure proper maintenance of multiple units over time, and they present additional opportunities for moisture problems through the wall penetration and from drain pan and discharge problems. Central air handling units have a number of advantages as compared to unit ventilators and heat pumps serving individual rooms. Features for air handling units: Double-sloped drain pan and drain trap depth Double-sloped drain pan A double-sloped pan prevents water from standing and stagnating in the pan. Non-corroding drain pan Made from stainless steel or plastic. Prevents corrosion that would cause water to leak inside the AHU. Easy access doors All access doors are hinged and use quick release latches that do not require tools to open. Easy access to filters, drain pans, and cooling coils is imperative. Double wall cabinet The inner wall protects the insulation from moisture and mechanical damage, increases sound dampening, and is easier to clean. Tightly sealed cabinet Small yet continuous air leaks in and out of the AHU cabinet can affect IAQ and energy. The greatest pressure differentials driving leaks occur at the AHU. Double wall doors with gaskets Double wall doors provide better thermal and acoustic insulation, and will remain flatter, allowing a better seal against door frame gaskets Minimum 2 inch thick filter slots For better protection of the indoor environment, as well as the equipment and ducts, the filters slots should be able to accommodate 2 in. or thicker filters. Extended surface area filter bank To reduce the frequency of filter maintenance and the cost of fan energy, the bank is designed to allow more filter area, such as the deep V approach or bags. Air filter assemblies (racks housings) designed for minimum leakage The filter bank should have gaskets and sealants at all points where air could easily bypass the air filters, such as between the filter rack and the access door. Use properly gasketed manufacturer supplied filter rack spacers. Air filter monitor A differential pressure gauge to indicate the static pressure drop across the filter bank. This feature could easily be installed as an option in the field. Corrosion resistant dampers links All moving parts such as pivot pins, damper actuators, and linkages are able to withstand weather and moisture-induced corrosion for the full life of the system Location of Outdoor Air Intakes and Exhaust Sloped Intake Plenum and Accessible Intake Screen Proper location of outdoor air intakes can minimize the blockage of airflow and intake of contaminated air. The bottom of air intakes should be at least 8 inches above horizontal surfaces (generally the ground or the roof) to prevent blockage from leaves or snow. In northern locations, more separation may be needed due to greater snow depths or drifting snow. Intakes should not be placed within 25 feet of any potential sources of air contaminants, including sewer vents, exhaust air from the building, loading docks, loading areas, garbage receptacles, boiler or generator exhausts, and mist from cooling towers. If the source is large or contains strong contaminants, or if there is a dominant wind direction in the area, the minimum separation distance may need to be increased. Air admittance valves, an inexpensive and code-approved one-way air valve, can be added to sewer vents to eliminate the potential for release of gases into the surrounding air. Grilles protecting air intakes should be bird- and rodent-proofed to prevent perching, roosting, and nesting. Waste from birds and other pests (e.g., rats) can disrupt proper operation of the HVAC system, promote microbial growth and cause human disease. The use of outdoor air intake grilles with vertical louvers, as opposed to horizontal louvers, will reduce the potential for roosting. Intake Screens must be accessible for inspection and cleaning. In existing buildings, an insufficient amount of ventilation air is often the result of clogged intake screens that are inaccessible for inspection and cleaning. Screens hidden by an intake grille should be designed with a grille that is easily opened, such as a hinged grille with two quick-release latches, or in the worst case, a grille with four one-quarter turn fasteners. All screens should be easily removable for cleaning. Consider adding a section of sloped intake plenum that causes moisture to flow to the outside or to a drain if intake grilles are not designed to completely eliminate the intake of rain or snow. Air Distribution and Duct Insulation Dirt and moisture should not be present in duct systems, and must be controlled to prevent mold growth. However, it is not always possible to assure that ducts remain dirt and moisture free. In many existing buildings, sheet metal ducts, as well as those constructed of or lined with insulation products, are often contaminated with mold because dirt and moisture found their way into the system. Duct board and duct liner are widely used in duct systems because of their excellent acoustic, thermal, and condensation control properties. If the HVAC system is properly designed, fabricated, installed, operated and maintained, these duct systems pose no greater risk of mold growth than duct systems made of sheet metal or any other materials. However, the very properties that make duct board and duct liner superior insulators (e.g., a fibrous structure with large surface area that creates insulating air pockets), also makes them capable of trapping and retaining moisture if they do get wet (though the fibers themselves do not absorb moisture). While there is an ongoing debate about the wisdom of using insulation materials in duct systems that might retain moisture longer, all sides agree that extraordinary attention to preventing moisture contamination of the duct work should be the primary strategy for preventing mold growth. As a secondary strategy, designers should consider methods of reducing the potential for future problems to occur due to unforeseen moisture contamination by investigating insulation products now on the market that minimize the potential for moisture to penetrate the insulation material. These include foil vapor retarders, tightly bonded non-woven vapor retarders, butt or shiplap edges, and other techniques that have been developed by insulation manufacturers to address concerns about moisture. http://www.epa.gov/iaq/schooldesign/hvac.html Water supply Water has the unfortunate quality of being heavier than air. it weighs 62.4 pounds per cubic foot. This mass requires a pressure of 0.433 psi to lift water one foot (62.4 lbs/144 in in ft). To put it another way, one psi will lift water 2.31 feet (1/0.433). In a single story building with 70 psi in the street, this can be insignificant. In a high-rise building, this factor will drive the design of both the hot and cold water systems. First, high and low pressures need to be determined. Plumbing codes usually limit the high water pressure to 80 psi. Using 70 psi will result in more manageable flow rates at the fixtures, reduced water hammer and lower velocities. These characteristics will result in lower operating costs and a longer life of the system. Codes often limit the low water pressure to 20 psi, unless there are fixtures such as flush valves that require greater pressures. Nevertheless, a minimum pressure of 40 psi is recommended for the comfort of the end users. With a pressure differential of 30 psi, a zone can be no more than 69 feet in height (30 ft x2.31 ft/psi). Using a typical floor to floor height, for a hotel, of 11 feet, no more than six floors can be served by a single zone. The next step is to determine the system pressure. The suction pressure can be determined by adding the street pressure and the elevation gain (assuming your booster pump is in the basement). Adding the anticipated losses including friction, elevation and PRV falloff to the minimum pressure results in the system pressure. Subtracting this from the street pressure yields the boost pressure. The manufacturer will also need to account for internal losses in the booster pump system. Booster pumps today can be configured in any number of ways. With advancements in pumping technology, vented roof tanks are a thing of the past. A constant speed pump, carefully calculated, could operate without PRVs. If so, PRVs might be required at the top floor, and shutoff head must be checked. Shutoff head is the system pressure resulting from the demand approaching zero. It can be determined by adding the suction pressure to the pressure indicated on the far left end of the pump curve. In some cases, this pressure can exceed the capacity of the piping system. If PRVs are provided on the pump discharge, problems with shutoff head can be eliminated outside of the booster pump package but must still be checked within the package. A better solution is a variable speed booster pump. By tracking pressure, flow or electrical current, a variable speed booster pump can deliver constant pressure at any flow rate. This provides a more predictable system pressure and saves electricity at t he same time. Regardless of pump type, the lower zones in a high rise will need PRVs. In most cases, for economical reasons, direct acting PRVs are used. A more consistent pressure can be maintained by using two valves piped in parallel (figure 1). The smaller valve may be sized to handle 1/3 of the flow rate at an acceptable falloff pressure. The larger valve is then sized for 2/3 of the flow rate at the same falloff pressure. If the smaller valve is set for 75 psi and the larger valve is set for 70 psi, then under low flow the larger valve will be closed and the smaller, more accurate valve will regulate the pressure. A relief valve is required downstream of the PRVs and will require an indirect waste receptor, which is often overlooked in the design of these stations. In many cases, the lowest of all zones may not require a boost in pressure. If so, a separate branch in the main, prior to the booster pump, could serve several lower floors, saving installation and utility costs. The maximum number of floors that can be served depends on the materials used. The booster pump, valves, piping and appurtenances must all be capable of handling the maximum pressure at the base of the riser. Understanding pressure ratings can get quite involved. Bronze, threaded, class 150 valves are limited to 200 psi at 150 F, while the more expensive class 200 valves are limited to 400 psi. Iron, class 125 valves up to 12 in size are also limited to 200 psi at 150 F, while the more expensive class 250 valves are limited to 500 psi. The correct valves must be specified in the booster pump package and in the piping system, at least for the lower floors. At higher floors, the pressure falls; good practice is to reduce the class of valves when a safe working pressure has been reached. Pressure gauges and other small devices are often overlooked, along with, surprisingly, the piping. The maximum safe working pressure of 6 hard drawn copper tube at 150 F is 376 psi, and the maximum gauge working pressure of the solder joint (assuming 95-5 tin-antimony solder) is 375 psi, but the rated internal working pressure of the fitting is only 213 psi. As such, serving more than 40 floors can be difficult at best. One solution, to add a few more floors, is to use stainless steel pipe. The typical joint working pressure of schedule 10S can be 300 psi and schedule 40S can be 600 psi depending on the couplings used. When serving even taller high rise buildings, a secondary pumping station must be used (figure 2). In this scenario, a lower pump serves the bottom half of the building and also feeds the suction side of the higher pump, which in turn serves the top half of the building. Particular attention must be given to the simultaneous control of these pump sets; a buffer tank may be necessary to maintain a constant suction pressure at the higher tank Alternatively, two lower pumps can be provided, one for the lower fixtures and one to feed the higher pump. This separation of the upper and lower building systems will allow for more independent control over pressures and can be useful for maintenance. In most high rises, the water is pumped up to the PRV stations that are located at the top of the zones. The downstream risers and branch piping then downfeed to the fixtures. This decision, however, can be affected by the type of fixtures and the location of the hot water heater. In an upfeed system, the pressure loss due to friction and the pressure loss due to elevation are additive; the worst case is the top of the system where the pressure is lowest. In a downfeed system, at least for smaller pipe sizes, the friction pressure loss will be somewhat offset by the pressure gain from downfeeding. Also, since the friction loss is greatest at the bottom of the system where the pressure is greatest, smaller branch pipes can be utilized. The result is a more consistent static and dynamic pressure, providing a better experience for the end user. An economic analysis often reveals that the cost of the express riser, the upfeed pipe that has no connections, is less than the savings from the smaller branch piping. It is strongly recommended that the hot and cold water in any building feed in the same direction. Otherwise, the cold water friction losses may be at a minimum where the hot water friction losses are at a maximum. Even with pressure balancing shower valves, a differential pressure of 50% could have disastrous results. If the water heater is on the roof, a downfeed system makes good sense. The design of hot water systems is outside of the scope of this article. Engineers often return this hot water to the central water heater. Doing so can create a system that is very difficult to balance. Even when each zone is protected by a check valve, the pressure from the higher zone will often prevent the lower zones from circulating at all. A better approach is to circulate within each zone (figure 3). A fractional horsepower pump and a small electric tank type heater work well. Five gallons and three to nine kilowatts will handle six floors of almost any footprint since the water is only reheating from 110 F to 120 F. Since the pressure is already reduced, the circulating pump and reheat tank can be placed on any floor. Dont forget about the main hot water riser. It must still be circulated back to the central system to ensure that this large column of water does not get cold overnight. One final issue to consider in both hot and cold water distribution is the ability to purge air from the system. There are manual air vents the best way to purge air from the system is simply to provide horizontal distribution on the floor below the highest floor in each zone. This allows the air to collect in each riser and float to the top, where it is purged every time that a fixture on the top floor is used. This is rarely noticed by the end user unless the fixture is seldom used. http://www.plumbingengineer.com/june_08/highrise_feature.php Drainage Pressure control on the drainage side presents other challenges. water is essentially the same in either system; however, drainage theory holds that considerable air travels downward with the water flow. This theory asserts that water flowing in a vertical pipe tends to adhere to the pipes walls, acting very much like a sleeve of water with a hollow core of air, all sliding down the pipes walls until it reaches a ratio of approximately 6/24 full of the pipe cross-sectional area. This watery sleeve travels at almost 15 feet per second (fps), propelled by gravity but restricted by friction. When the piping remains vertical, the entrained air is relatively simple to control, but when piping offsets from the vertical, the fluid flow velocity drops considerably, filling the entire pipe diameter. Horizontal, sloped drainage piping should flow in the 4-8 fps range, so it is easy to see that a large slug of water can quickly develop. This can lead to compressing air in the path of the fluid and/or lowering air pressure on the leaving side of the fluid flow. The impact of these fluid and air fluctuations can be controlled by effective use of yoke vents, relief vents, and vent connections at the bases of stacks. the solutions are largely not unique and have been used successfully on many intermediate-height and even extremely tall high-rise buildings. A related concern is the impact of the hydraulic jump on the piping itself. The mass of water and the rapid change of velocity from vertical to horizontal cause this jump. While the pressure associated with this jump is significant, it does not destroy the fitting at the base of the stack. Rather, the movement of the pipe stresses the frictional forces that hold the joint to the pipe, leading to eventual coupling failure. Good design must compensate for the strong thrust that occurs at this change of direction. Successful methods include increasing the horizontal drain size and/or slope, using thrust blocks, or using restraining joints with threaded rod or similar arrangements that mechanically anchor the fitting to the entering and leaving piping. Once the water is raised and used, it is discharged to a drainage system that includes an attendant venting system, which is responsible for the flow of air in the drainage piping network. Air is critical to the drainage process because drainage flow is caused by sloping pipes, and the motive force is gravity. Absent air, the drainage would range from erratic to nonexistent. When the water in a pipe flows to a lower area, air must be added to replace the water, or a negative pressure zone will occur. If this zone is near a fixture, air will be drawn into the drainage system through the fixture trap with an easily identified gulping sound and very slow drain performance. This condition leads to poor performance throughout the drainage system and trap seal loss due to siphoning or blowout. The remedy for this condition is venting. At the individual fixture level, this consists of a fixture vent. As the number of fixtures increases, venting needs do as well, and a venting system evolves, with branch, circuit, and loop vents at the appropriate locations. When dealing with high-rise drainage stacks, a vent stack should be attendant, allowing for pressure equalization and re lief along the height and breadth of the system. Aside from relieving pressure in the drainage system, the vent system allows air to circulate in both directions in response to the fluctuating flow in the drainage system. In many high-rise vent designs, where stacks need to offset horizontally on a given floor, a relief vent is required. Although not often highlighted, the building venting system also serves to supplement the vent for the municipal sewer, relieving noxious or even hazardous gases and allowing the sewer to drain without pressure limitation. Fire Protection One area that should not be overlooked in any high-rise design is the fire protection systems. As a minimum, all high-rise buildings should have sprinkler systems on each floor and standpipe systems in each stairwell. These systems have proven themselves throughout the years to significantly save both life and property. The specific type, coverage density, and outlet placement all vary based on the building type, height, and location and local fire authorities. All high-rise buildings containing fire protection systems have large, dedicated fire pumps to provide the flows and pressures required for the individual system. While not always tasked with these system designs, plumbing engineers need to know that these systems are an integral part of the building and must account for their presence regarding equipment space, riser locations, and ceiling cavities. Wet systems in commercial spaces must be designed as a minimum to criteria for Light Hazard (0.10 gpm/sq. ft. over the remote 1,500 sq. ft. of floor area). Sprinkler piping on floors up to the 2nd floor shall be sized for street pressure only. Standpipe systems shall be provided .In particular: a. The standpipe risers shall be interconnected and have isolation valve for each standpipe. b. Two four-way fire department connections shall be provided on separate streets, piped to separate standpipe risers. c. At least one fire department connection shall be piped to the standpipe side of an isolation valve. d. FDCs must be located at an approved location. e. A Fire hydrant must be located within 50ft of the FDC g. Roof and floor remote areas must be within 200 feet of hose travel distance from a protected standpipe hose connection. Standpipe risers shall be combination standpipe/sprinkler risers using a minimum pipe size of 6 inch. One 2-1/2 inch hose connection shall be provided on every intermediate floor level landing in every required stairway and elsewhere as required. Two separate water supplies are required for the sprinkler/standpipe system. One must be a permanent City water main connection and the second must be a dedicated reservoir. http://www.newcomb-boyd.com/pdf/high-rise%20article.pdf