Woody Allen’s Sleeper Woody Allen’s Sleeper

â€Å"Sleeper† is a film, which at first glance, appears to be about nothing but making people laugh, but when examined more closely might appear to be a commentary on politics, consumerism and even love. This film is supposed to be Woody Allen’s take on a modern silent film, and there are definitely similarities to the silent film classics of Buster Keaton and Charlie Chaplin, most notably the physical humor that defined the slapstick sub-genre of comedy.Scenes like those with the giant produce or the awakening of Woody Allen’s character, Miles Monroe are absolute gems and caused me to laugh hysterically the first time I saw them. They also appear to only exist for the sole purpose of making the viewer laugh. If the main character in a film only believes in â€Å"sex and death† does that imply that the main point of the film is also sex and death? At first glance, the slapstick nature of the film appears to support part of this claim as the futuristic soc iety in which Miles has woken up appears to be obsessed with ways of increasing pleasure- both emotionally and sexually.We see a glimpse of this culture during the dinner party hosted by Luna in which the Orgasmatron and the Orb are introduced for the first time. The scene in which Miles is acting like a robot and trying to pass around the orb, but only drugging himself is hilarious and the introduction of the Orgasmatron is absolutely ridiculous since Luna says, â€Å"I think we should have had sex, but there weren’t enough people. † Suddenly, sex is something that appears overly complicated and has been replaced by machines.One of the two things that Miles believes in has been replaced by machines and technology. In fact, I argue that the other thing he believes in – death- has also been replaced by machines and technology. Miles has been cryogenically frozen for 200 years- obviously he should have been dead by now. Instead, technology has taken away the other thing he believes in. So what then, does Miles and consequently the film believe in? Obviously the future, in which Miles has found himself in, is run by a Totalitarian government led by a dictator whom he spends a large majority of he film trying to overthrow. Is the film a political commentary then? Certainly, Woody Allen spends a lot of time highlighting the police force and the rebel faction which has formed against the government. He even manages to throw in a few quips regarding the politics of 1973 America. We see the absolute uselessness of said police force and we hear Miles comment on how the rebels will simply replace the existing government in a cyclic fashion. But there still isn’t enough. Even the romance between Miles and Luna seems to be empty and almost like an afterthought.I just don’t think that there is enough substance to qualify this as a political film, a commentary on consumerism or even a romance story. In the end, I argue that maybe this movi e isn’t really about anything at all. Maybe it is simply a funny film that highlights screwball comedy and has some of the elements of a science fiction movie. Whether or not it is a movie with a deeper message, â€Å"Sleeper† is still a movie that I thoroughly enjoyed and a great introduction to Woody Allen.

Atomic Bomb – World War II

World War II is known for acts of heroism on both sides, as well as controversial decisions. One major event that has long been debated was the use of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The reason Japan was threatened by the U. S. with the Atomic bomb was to force them to surrender. The war would have taken much longer had an invasion been attempted. An invasion would have cost more lives for both sides than the bombings. The Allies were justified in dropping atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The first reason the bombing was justified was that it was the most viable way to force the Japanese to surrender. The Allied offer of the Potsdam Conference on July 26, 1945 stating that the war would end only when the Japanese surrendered and gave up Emperor Hirohito. This offer was completely unacceptable to the Japanese, who, at the time, regarded their emperor as a god and declined the Postdam demands without thinking twice. President Harry S Truman was in a situation where he could not change the terms of the offer, because the American citizens wanted Hirohito imprisoned, if not executed after the bombing of pearl harbor. Changing the terms of the offer would also be regarded as a sign of weakness on the Americans' part, which was unacceptable during a time of war. After the crushing defeats of the U. S. over the Japanese at Iwo Jima and Okinawa were also very decisive battles that the U. S. won where the Japanese did not give up; showing there loyalty to their emperor and the fact that they wouldn’t give up. Meanwhile, as the U. S. was picking off all of the strategic islands around Japan, the Japanese were still building there defense up. This too proved they would not give up. Another reason that the Americans were justified in dropping the bomb was that it ended the war much more quickly than would an invasion. Many Americans had already been killed in the battles against Japan, and Truman’s main goals were to save American lives and get his troops home as soon as possible. The second of the two atomic bombs was dropped on Nagasaki on August 9, 1945 and the Japanese surrendered 5 days later on August 14, 1945. The alternative to the use of the atomic bomb, an invasion over land, had been scheduled for November 1 had the bombing not succeeded or had it been cancelled. This invasion could have dragged on for months, if not years. Japan also had no defense for the destruction of the cities. If they had no defense they would have to surrender ending the war early. The third, final, and most important reason the Americans were justified in dropping atomic bombs on Japan was that the bombings claimed far less lives than would have been taken during an invasion. Between the two cities, there was estimated to have been approximately 115,000 deaths as a result of the bombings. President Truman estimated that as many as one million American soldiers would have died in an invasion of Japan. Also the Soviet Union was about to invade Japan. This would cause the Soviets to have a lot of influence in the United States’ decisions in the far east. President Truman intended the atomic bomb to be a way to end the war at a minimum cost of American lives. The use of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki was a justified strategy on the Allies' part. A Japanese surrender was impossible due to the political landscape before the bombings. The war would have dragged on much longer had the bomb not been dropped and an invasion carried out instead. The bombings claimed fewer lives than an invasion would have. The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki brought a decisive end to the Second World War, as well as beginning the nuclear age; changing the world forever.

Early Literacy Instruction Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Early Literacy Instruction - Research Paper Example The kind of teaching that is done and the time that teaching is done also affects the rate and quality of learning or literacy acquisition that will take place. Reading acquisition is one of the most important literacy components that take place in people. As far reading instructions are concerned, it has been argued that the acquisition process becomes more effective and efficient when it is done at the very early stages of a child’s learning career. It has also been said that the type of learning intervention that is used by trainees or teachers in teaching reading instructions is also very instrumental in determining the success rate of the learning process. Because these assertions are generalized, the present research paper is dedicated to critically analyzing; by comparing and combing existing works of research to draw valid conclusions on the acquisition of early reading instructions with focus on phonemic awareness. The meta-analysis shall be done using eight existing recent research based studies. The contents of these research works shall be put together in four major themes as discussed below. The use of Scaffolding as a teaching Intervention Two of the research based literatures were thematically captioned to touch on the use of scaffolding as an intervention to teach phonetic awareness. These were research works from Lea et al (2009) and Shayne et al (2010). Whereas Lea et al (2009) sees scaffolding as a teacher-based approach to teaching phonetic awareness, Shayne et al (2010) sees scaffolding as a student based approach. Both researchers however agree that scaffolding is used in such a way that the teaching of phonetic awareness is taken from the student’s perspective whereby the teacher undertakes the teaching process from a point where student lacks the acquisition of a particular phonetic skill. The actual scaffolding takes place in the form of provision of series of guidance to students in developing the phonetic awareness of a particular sound (Lea, 2009). The intervention is thus called scaffolding because the teacher unfolds the learning process through a series of steps or processes (Shayne, 2010). In the various researches, it was found that one of the commonest ways in which kindergarten children learned phonetics was to isolate the sounds in a word, especially the first sound. It was therefore necessary that teachers taught phonemic awareness through the teaching of individual sounds of letters rather than combining them at a very early stage of language acquisition. Effect of phonetic awareness on English reading in non-English children Two other researchers found in their research works that the basis of English reading acquisition was phonetic awareness (Yeung et al, 2012 and Ryder et al, 2007). This means that for children to effectively acquire English reading skills, they needed to have a very good basis in phonemic awareness. According to Yeung et al (2012), phonemic awareness is the single m ost effective way to attempt to pronounce or spell any new English word. Consequently, Ryder et al (2010) hold the opinion that for effective reading to take place among new readers, it is important that the learner gets an idea about as many phonetic sounds of letters as possible. This way, the pronunciation of new words will be attempted by the sounds and pronunciation of already known letters. Consequently, the researchers lay emphasis on learning from the known to the unknown using phonemic awareness. Indeed, the researcher were quick to criticize other

International cooperation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

International cooperation - Research Paper Example A country therefore may win from exporting one resource but lose a lot on other exportable commodities which may become expensive in nature. It is also pertinent to note that due to higher demand for factors of production in such industries, there is a shortage of labor for other sectors of the economy. This increases the cost of production for other countries and thus making them less competitive in nature. (Corden & Neary, 1989) There are many countries which have been suffering from this phenomenon and the economic mismanagement has resulted into much of the economic damage for them. During 1980s and 1990s, countries like Nigeria faced the consequences of this. Even developed economies like Australia and Canada faced this situation also. Dutch disease is a relationship between the manufacturing sector and increase in exploitation of the natural resources. The overall mechanism is based upon the assumption that strong inflows of foreign currency due to export of natural resources will appreciate the currency of the country and thus may result into nation’s other exports more expensive to export. Though it is normally associated with the natural resources however it can also be referred along with the sharp increase in foreign inflows, foreign direct investment as well as a surge in the prices of natural resources. The core model is based upon non-traded goods sector and two traded goods sector i.e. the booming and the lagging sector. Booming sector is normally based upon the extraction of oil and other natural resources including gold, copper, coffee or cocoa. The lagging sector of the economy is generally based upon the agriculture sector of the economy as well as other manufacturing sector. (Hausman & Rigobon, 2002) There are two possible consequences of this phenomenon i.e. changes in the labor as well as spending. When booming sector starts to pick up, the overall demand for labor

The Geographies of World Region(s) via Motorcycle Essay

The Geographies of World Region(s) via Motorcycle - Essay Example Planned time was nine months trip. The trip across Latin America began from Buenos Aires in Argentina in January. The motor bike used is the large gauge motorbike known as Astride Norton (1939) which had fuel power of 500cc (Vernon, 2014). The motor bike has a name given â€Å"The mighty one† due to its power and sustainability in long distance travel (Vernon, 2014). I had packed all necessary requirements that would sustain me in every climate and projected situation. I also got legal permit for my geographical trip across the Latin America countries. The journey took a flat rout to the intended first stop at Miramar in Argentina. It was located in a mountainous and cold region of Argentina. It was easy to reach Chile from Miramira in February since it was fairly near the border despite the heavy rains in the mountainous region. Crossing Chile border is easy once the legal documents are available. In Chile, the rout headed North upland towards the cold town of Chuquicamata, a very popular world known copper mining town (Ernesto & Alberto, 2002). After visiting the mines and engaging with miners, I progressed southward towards Peru. In the month of March, I arrived at Peruvian Tacna. In Peru, the mighty one broke down. I was forced to share a truck with the native citizens who were mostly the Indians. I was amazed for they always boarded vehicles with animals. Arrival to the town of Lima in was in May. In the same month but after relaxation, I left for Leper colony of San Pablo that was located in the heart of Peruvian Amazon Rainforest. It took me a month and in June, I was in the Amazon River. After crossing the Amazon River using the Mambo Tango raft, I proceeded to the town known as Letica in Colombia (Ernesto & Alberto, 2002). We proceeded east to Bogota Colombia in July. After penetrating through the barricaded streets in Bogota Columbia, I left for Caracas in Venezuela. I rested there for a week and in the same month I left for

Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 19

Religion - Essay Example w Research Center for the People & the Press and the Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life indicate that around 96% of Americans believe in God or other supreme being which is an indication that there is some form of religion that is alive in America. Further research by General Social Survey (GSS) shows that in the 21st Century, the number of Americans attending religious services and those who proclaim their religious preference has since doubled from that of the previous century. As from 2008 in the onset of economic crisis, the number of Americans who turned religious is said to have increased drastically. Critics say this is as a way of trying to seek divine intervention from the economic problems but according to Newport in his book God Is Alive and Well: The Future of Religion in America, it is because they realized that it is only through religion and divine intervention that they can be redeemed and get solace (Newport 45). This can be said to be the case because even as the economic problems eased, those that had become religious did not revert back to secular ways but have continued to remain among the religious based on the polls conducted by research firms. According to Newport, the evidence of religion is through actions where religious people are expected to change their behavior from bad to good or even better. Based on this therefore as an indication of an increase in religion, America can be said to be religious (Newport 156). Further evidence other than the one from the polls indicates a reduction in crime. This is an indication that many Americans have changed their behavior for the better. The elections of 2012 also proved to have religion in mind and proved that religion is alive. The leaders who were vying for positions such as the senate one had religious agendas in mind though not expressed directly. For example some of them were prolife and repulsed all the evil that is not acceptable by religion. If the leaders are religious, then many

Scientific Journals Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Scientific Journals - Term Paper Example BP is British Petroleum (Alexander, 2010). Three months later, the spill oil was blocked and about half of the oil spilled was removed through evaporation, natural dissolution, and human action (Ocean Conservancy, 2010). However, about half of the estimated 4.9 million barrels of oil had already polluted the environment (Ocean Conservancy, 2010). Rather than blaming the BP, a House panel blamed a rig device for failure to cut the oil flow (Doggett, 2010). In May 2010, the BP and the US government jointly estimated that more than 5,000 barrels a day of crude has been leaking into the environment and scientists warned of an environmental damage that could rival the 1989 Exxon spill in Alaska (Ball & Hughes, 2010). Other scientists say, however, that the spill may be more than 10 times the 5,000 barrels-a-day joint estimate of the US government and the BP (Ball & Hughes, 2010). On the month, US scientists estimated that the oil spill â€Å"could cause more of Louisiana’s retreating marshland revert to open water† (Ball and Hughes, 2010, 4th paragraph). U.S. Greenpeace, a leading environmental group, has her own interpretation of the timeline of the BP oil spill disaster (2010). According to the Greenpeace US, as early as 2007, the US Interior Department’s Mineral Management Services (MMS) has acquired data that oil-drilling projects are marked with a history of accidents, fires, and deaths (Greenpeace, 2010). In July 2008, a top agency manager of the MMS was criminally charged for having conflicts of interest with oil companies (Greenpeace, 2010). Yet, however, the MMS was allowed to give BP an exclusion from the US National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) requirement to prepare an environmental impact statement for BP’s drilling operations (Greenpeace, 2010). Based on the â€Å"timeline† of the Greenpeace (2010), the BP oil spill can be blamed to the lax application of US environmental policies as well as to the congruence of

Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 55

Journal - Essay Example He then says he can name countries that can consume the whole nation without regardless of the preservation (Lynch n.d.). He uses allusion to confront England due to its proximity. His allusion directly hits the English for misusing Ireland. He, however, does not spare his wrath to Ireland. In the course of his literature, he presents various alternative solutions that it can use to solve its problems. He puts that none of his suggestions was put into practice. In his literature, he stresses on the extent and number of Ireland’s social problems, neglect, and indifference that the citizens had to encounter (Lynch n.d.). Swift uses an adopted persona to ridicule the people who recommend economic and political solutions to Ireland without considering the human cost that will be involved. With an overwhelming irony, he demonstrates the inhumanity of patterns meant to alleviate the sufferings from the poor. Absurd principles form the basis of the schemes (Lynch

GoodWill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

GoodWill - Essay Example Life skills training and counseling, elements of GoodWills core services, help to prepare individuals for the demands of the workplace. Many GoodWill agencies also provide assistive technology devices and training to eliminate barriers for people with disabilities such as vision or hearing impairment and paralysis. (Lysecki 2005) The organization serves individuals with physical, mental and emotional disabilities, as well as those with disadvantages such as welfare dependency, illiteracy, homelessness or lack of work experience. In 2000, the agency began implementing a $20 (m) million grant from the U.S. Department of Labor to provide training and support to place welfare-to-work recipients in temporary Census and permanent community jobs. So far, GoodWill has exceeded the goals of the project, serving 15,175 participants and placing 5,180 of these in competitive employment. GoodWill also established national partnerships with Bank of America and CVS/pharmacy to recruit and train individuals for a variety of jobs at these companies. GoodWill placed 77,895 individuals with disabilities and other disadvantages in competitive jobs; they earned $973.4 (m) million in salaries and wages. "We want to make sure that we are helping people develop a lifelong career plan through education and career development opportunities," says Samuel W. Cox, Interim President and CEO of GoodWill Industries International. "We have the flexibility to meet the needs of the individuals while meeting the needs of employers. Our efforts boil down to building lives, families and communities one person and one job at a time." Over 42 (m) million people donated clothing, household goods, computers, cars, and other items to GoodWill, generating $941.1 (m) million in revenues for GoodWill programs. GoodWill sells its donations in 1,869 retail stores across North America and on its Internet auction site, shopGoodWill.com. GoodWills retail stores earn more than 50 percent of

Persuasive speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Persuasive speech - Essay Example They are made to think that they have to look a certain way and fit in a certain mold to be considered a real woman. (Wolf 89) Is this the kind of treatment that we really want? What will become of our society if we continue to feed such insecurities and impossible standards of beauty? Women should not be subject to any form of standard or expectation, because not only does it ruin their confidence in their own bodies, it also creates in them the idea that they are less human if they do not have thigh gaps. It is incredibly unfair to put these kinds of criteria on them, because it limits them from feeling beautiful just the way they are. It also creates in the female race a sort of discriminative separation between the thin and fat. What makes it worse is that the benchmarks of aesthetics never really lasts a long time. If these standards change, women must again adjust and change to fit the society’s new idea of beauty. A long time ago, there was a time when the plump women were considered the most beautiful girls. However, as hundreds of years have passed, we have seen a great shift in the perception of beauty. Now, stick-thin girls are being looked up to as models for aesthetic perfection – girls with twenty-inch waistlines, projecting collarbones, and apparent thigh gaps. (Blood, 11) As we have witnessed in the recent years, more and more young teenage girls have battled with multiple eating disorders, and mental or psychological problems because of the issue on self-image. There is an increasing number of girls today that are suffering from disorders such as anorexia and bulimia. Many have also resolved to cutting and even suicide because they can’t handle the bullying that happens in school and the pressure to look like what they see in these magazines, billboards and movies. (Goebels 5) Some girls have even lost their

How to Correct Bow Legs Essay Example for Free

How to Correct Bow Legs Essay Virasana Variation Virasana, or hero pose, is effective in treating flat feet and knock knees. This variation will help those with knock knees. Start by standing on your knees, then sitting down on your heels. Place a yoga block between the heels and sit on it. Make sure the knees are pointing straight forward and not touching each other. Hold for 20 to 60 seconds. Block Between the Thighs While standing, place a yoga block between the thighs as close to the pelvis as possible. Bring the feet as close together as possible and relax the inner thighs. Hold the pose for up to three minutes. This pose positions the legs in the opposite position of knock knees, bow-legged, which makes it therapeutic in correcting the original condition. Warrior 2 Pose Against a Wall Warrior 2 pose can help strengthen the knees if performed with proper alignment. Perform this pose against a wall or with the guidance of an experienced teacher to ensure proper alignment. In a standing position, bring the legs 4 feet apart and stretch the arms out to the side. Turn the right toes to the right and deeply bend the right knee. Activate the arches and keep the right knee touching the wall. Hold for 30 seconds and repeat on the other side. Downward-Facing Dog Pose with Block To perform this variation of downward facing dog pose, you will need a yoga block. While standing, place the block between the thighs and position the feet hip-width distance apart. Lower the hands to the ground and form the body into a V-shape. Hold for 30 to 60 seconds.

Comparing How Two Short Fiction Writers Effectively Convey a Common Theme Essay Example for Free

Comparing How Two Short Fiction Writers Effectively Convey a Common Theme Essay â€Å"A Visit of Charity† by Eudora Welty and â€Å"The Use of Force† by William Carlos Williams are both engrossing short stories featuring two young female characters who must face an ailment. Eudora Welty touches on a social ailment, using an indifferent teenage girl as takeoff point, and portrays the abandonment of the elderly in a home that is as cold as the treatment they are subjected to. On the other hand, Williams tackles a physical ailment, and he depicts how a medical practitioner will go to great lengths not to neglect his duty, even if he encounters resistance. Welty takes on a serious, somewhat mocking tone, while Williams is thoroughly amusing and almost comical, yet very realistic. In Welty’s short story, a teenage named girl Marian is the protagonist who temporarily leaves the confines of her cloistered existence to visit a home for the aged to fulfill a requirement for Campfire Girls, a group that seeks to develop character in the young.   Instead of gaining the expected social benefits from the visit, Marian ironically develops great uneasiness and retreats. Both short story titles reflect their themes and plot, although the titles may have other implications. â€Å"Visit† in Welty’s short story implies Marian’s fleeting and superficial encounter   with elderly women in the institution. Another possible meaning of the title, â€Å"A Visit of Charity† is that in the world of   apathetic young people, there may be an instance when life offers an opportunity to look beyond themselves and show helpfulness or compassion for fellow human   beings. The title may be seen then as a case of Charity paying Marian a visit by offering her the opportunity to help or give solace or relief to the needy.    Being young and preoccupied with her personal agenda, though, she fails, as most young people do, to enrich herself from a special opportunity to reach out and be of service to others. As for â€Å"The Use of Force† by William Carlos Williams, the title at first glimpse conjures a serious or frightening situation like the application of brute force, a common subject in many literary works. In â€Å"The Use of Force† by Williams, we see instead the firm hand   of a physician who responds to the call of duty as he overcomes the temporary setback of an unwilling and naughty, young patient who resists him. The setting, characters, events and situations in both short stories come alive through the use of vivid language. When Welty describes the home for the aged as   having walls that bounce off the winter sunlight like a block of ice† (Welty 245) and corridors that smell like the interior of a clock† (Welty 246), she lets readers in on the pitiable plight of the elderly women who endure not just the poorly illuminated and unkempt dwelling place but also the neglect and contempt of people entrusted to care for them, or society as a whole. Welty uses a lot of similes like these as the story progresses. William likewise uses figures of speech like personification as he amusingly narrates his experience with the impish Mathilda, the sick child with overprotective parents who are easily swayed by her whims but who care for her well-being. Williams, for instance describes the antagonist as follows: â€Å"The child was fairly eating me up with her cold, steady eyes† (Stuber). There are also symbolisms in each short story.   In â€Å"A Visit of Charity,† the potted plant that Marian brings to the home for the aged is just a thing or gift that is expected of a visitor.   In the same way, the elderly ladies are placed in the home because it is the right thing to do, even if they are not given the genuine warmth and attention they deserve as human beings. In â€Å"The Use of Force,† the parents of the sick child represent a bygone era, when medicine was not yet fully developed as a science and old-fashioned remedies were resorted to.   The doctor may therefore represent the western world’s modern man or â€Å"savior† of those afflicted with illness. In â€Å"A Visit of Charity† by Eudora Welty, the main character desires or concentrates on her own personal advantage.   In contrast, â€Å"The Use of Force† by William Carlos Williams depicts a doctor’s selfless concern to be of help to his patient. In both short fiction stories, the characters interact and engage in dialogue as part of a first-time encounter. The dialogue breathes life to the personalities of the characters, allowing readers to visualize and relate to them better, while also advancing the plot and making the story even more interesting. Both authors lend credibility to the main characters’ views by first establishing their age, gender. task or occupation, and the social class they represent as seen from their mode of dressing and speech. Overall, both William Carlos Williams and Eudora Welty are masters of the short story form who are effectively able to convey important social themes through imagery and characterization, among other elements of short fiction. Works Cited Stuber, Irene. The Use of Force by William Carlos Williams (1883-1963).† Classic Short Stories. 1995. 17 July 2008 http://www.classicshorts.com/stories/force.html. Welty, Eudora. A Visit of Charity.† Modern Satiric Stories: The Impropriety Principle. Ed. Gregory Fitzgerald. Illinois: Scott, Foresman and Company, 1971. 245-246.

Causes Of The Current Global Food Crisis Politics Essay

Causes Of The Current Global Food Crisis Politics Essay All of these factors have contributed significantly to the current crisis in different ways. The growth of income inequality is something which is frequently highlighted by many globalisation theorists, such as Stiglitz (2002), but is also acknowledged by the UN (2009). This point is also relevant to wider debates on the impact of globalisation, but it essentially means that the rich are getting richer and the poor poorer. In such a situation, those who are wealthier are able to dictate how the economy operates, and as they are frequently situated in areas which are geographically separate from those who are poor, this means that demand for specific luxury foods goes up (Lang 2003). This also means that farmers turn their attention to farming such goods in order to make money, rather than farming crops which would be able to feed the world (McMichael 1998 p.102). The second major issue which we must accept is climate change. This has caused two major effects. The first is that it means that climates are now more unpredictable than they once were and that, as a result, crops are increasingly likely to fail where they would previously have been fine (Weis 2003). The second is that the increasing influence of climate change as a factor has made transportation more expensive as many states have introduced taxes on transport. This is understandable in the wider sense, but means that many poorer nations suffer as they are unable to pay the more expensive costs. The third key factor outlined is high energy prices. This is largely linked in with the point made above concerning the impact of climate change. However, this does also impact on the price of certain fertilisers and pesticides which are frequently used by farmers. The issue of globalisation is also considered a key factor. This is a very wide-ranging subject that cannot be used as a single factor by itself. With the exception of climate change, the impact of globalisation can be said to have affected all of the other issues which we discuss here. Increasing income inequality can be considered a direct result of globalisation, certainly in the manner in which globalisation has been carried out (Stiglitz 2007 p.45). The free market capitalism model ultimately causes all of these factors and this will therefore be expanded upon later. The final factor which is outlined as being the key relates to the increasing issue of urbanisation. Where people live increasingly in urban centres this means that food must travel further, increasing costs, but it also means that people (particularly in poorer areas) are unable to contribute towards farming themselves. In rural areas it is common for people to grow much of their own food or certain types of food and trade this food at markets. However, in the cities this is not possible (Collier 2007 p.68). This therefore places an even greater stress on those farms which are able to supply such areas and means that food becomes increasingly expensive. We can therefore see how all the key factors outlined above contribute to a scenario in which the world is experiencing a global food crisis. However, perhaps the most important aspect of these points outlined is the idea of globalisation and the specific manner in which this has materialised. Globalisation has been led by the global governance institutions which (with the exception of the WTO) are all based in America, and have pushed the idea of free market capitalism as a means of benefiting American corporations. It is this that can be seen as being central to the problem of the global food crisis as it is the influence of this that has caused the key factors that we have seen are responsible for the global food crisis (with the obvious exception of global warming). Stiglitz has argued frequently that the global free market capitalist system, led by multinational corporations and global governance institutions has damaged the power of politics to respond to crises such as the global food crisis (Stiglitz 2002 and 2007). This is epitomised by the declining power of the nation state as a political institution and means that more and more financial interests take present over political interests (Stoker 2006). The result is that the market distributive mechanism has complete power to distribute resources where they can best be profited from, not where they are most needed (Stiglitz 2002). The global food crisis can therefore be seen as an extension of this discourse, whereby food is seen as a commodity to be profited from rather than a necessity of life (Stiglitz 2002). There is therefore a flip side to the food scarcity which occurs in the worlds poorer areas which is that in the worlds richest areas there is too much food. Where this is the case, there is no interest in everyone being fed, or those who are fed being fed well, simply that food is being sold. As a result of this, products such as Big Macs and Coca Cola are sold frequently, resulting in a crisis of obesity in America and Europe. The sustainability and wider impact of these options is considered irrelevant also, with McDonalds famous for its slash and burn tactics and its continued deforestation. There is frequently an emphasis here on the deforestation as a specific issue rather than looking at its wider ramifications. Both Hawkes (2006) and Lang (2004) agree that there is a pressing need for acknowled gement that free market, capitalist-led food production and distribution is ultimately the cause of the global food crisis, with each particular aspect (such as biofuels, food for oil, rising prices and decreasing harvests) being seen as symptoms of the crisis and not causes. We can therefore see that the global food crisis can be seen as resulting from the inherent dynamism of capitalism to turn everything into money and the way in which this has been allowed (by free market globalisation) to take root in the world. This has led to the increasing urbanisation as people look for jobs, which has therefore placed a greater strain on energy prices as food has to travel further. The same dynamism or process has also led to the increasing centrality of fast food to Western diets which has meant that farms in much of the developing world are now focused more on delivering cheap meat and potatoes for export rather than a balanced array of crops. This means that what they need must then be imported, pushing costs up. Fast food is cheap food, which is unhealthy but is highly profitable, and it therefore continues to thrive and cause all of the wider problems in the world. The direct result of this inherent dynamism is that much of what could be produced which woul d be healthy and which would sustain many more people, is not produced, and production instead focuses on meeting the increasing demand of those restaurants which operate globally. Low quality production causes long term damage to the environment, obesity and hunger simultaneously and is ultimately the primary cause of the global food crisis. We can therefore see how the global food crisis has become manifest in the factors which are outlined at the start of the report. The growth in income inequality, the rising prcies of energy, the rising levels of urbanisation and the problems of unpredictability brought about by climate change all mean that food is subject to increasing prices and decreasing availability. This is further compounded by the rise in the West of junk foods and low-quality foods which are produced on farms in the poorer parts of the world. This has therefore created a two tiered global food crisis. The rich are getting fatter and increasingly ill as a result, whilst the poorer parts of the world are becoming increasingly poverty stricken and hungry. This is a direct result of the power of free market capitalism and the distributive mechanisms which this manifests.

Graduation Speech: Strive to Succeed :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

This is it. In less than five minutes we'll be done with high school But you know I've got to say something before we go. When I moved here in eighth grade my plan was to go back to live with my Dad in Washougal to be with my friends that I had for ages. But I stayed, I got to know you guys, and heard stories about you and your life-long friends. And I even got implanted in some of your memories. Actually, in this year cheerleader ... who was it, oh Jason Jons wrote something proving this in my yearbook. This is what he wrote, "There's too much to be said here man. We've been friends sine 7th GRADE. (Eyebrows and smile.) Remember those times," apparently not, "with the bass rebels." Now Jason who are they? Something along the lines of Desperado. Then he continues to tell me how I shouldn't anything especially that which I've never experienced. But along with all the stories and memories, I learned so much more from all of you. Burke you taught me how to work hard and work with confidence, and for those that know Burke they know that confidence is not something he is in short supply of. And Josh you prov ed that white guys can bust a move. Kira showed that a smile with a laugh can move a mountain, and Randy like Einstein you have displayed that all geniuses have messed up hair dos. I mean really, one day he comes up to me pulls out a lock of hair and cuts it off with a pair of scissors and said, "Christian, you can't tell where it came from." And I didn't say it then, but I really couldn't. However, ladies and gentlemen, parents, faculty, and administration the observation that is most prevalent about this class, the thing that I have learned the most from the, is that hope is something that only dies when you give up, and it is something that will never dies in this group of people. I don't think I need to mention how many times this class, in spite of its numerous accomplishments, has emotionally hit rock bottom. But these graduates here tonight, the people that I am honored to call my class with aide of each other pick themselves up, smile, and know that tomorrow is coming with a promise, a promise that if we do not relent we will succeed.

Major Themes of the Koran Essay -- Islamic Arabic Religion Essays

Major Themes of the Koran I. NATURE AND PURPOSE OF THE KORAN This is the Book, in which there is no doubt, a guide for the God-fearing, who believe in the unseen and perform the prayer and spend of that which We have bestowed upon them, and who believe in that which is revealed unto thee [Muhammad] and that which was revealed before thee, and are certain of the Hereafter. [2:2-4] It is a glorious Koran, on a guarded tablet. [85:21-22] Lo! We have revealed it, a Koran in Arabic, that ye may understand. [12:2] This is naught else than a reminder and a lecture making plain, to warn whosoever liveth, and that the word may be fulfilled against the disbelievers. [37:69-70] This is indeed a noble Koran, in a Book kept hidden, which none touches save the purified, a revelation from the Lord of the Worlds. [61:77-80] We have coined for mankind in this Koran all kinds of similitudes, that haply they may reflect; a Lecture in Arabic, containing no crookedness, that haply they may ward off [evil.] [39:27-28] And when Our clear signs are recited to them, those who look not to encounter Us say, ‘Bring a Koran other than this, or alter it.’ Say: ‘It is not for me to alter it of my own accord. I follow nothing except what is revealed to me.’ [10:15] It is a Koran that We have divided, that thou may recite it unto mankind at intervals, and We have revealed it by [successive] revelations. Say: Believe therein or believe not. Lo! those who were given knowledge before it, when it is read unto them, fall down prostrate on their faces, adoring. [17:106-7] We have inspired in thee a Koran in Arabic, that thou mayest warn the mother-town and those around it, and mayest warn of a day of assembling whereof there is no ... ...re is no God save the One God†¦The Messiah, son of Mary, was no other than a messenger, messengers the like of whom had passed away before him. And his mother was a saintly woman. [5:72-75] O ye who believe! Take not the Jews and Christians for friends. They are friends one to another. He among you who taketh them for friends is one of them. Lo! God guideth not wrongdoing folk. [5:51] Fight against such of those who have been given the Scripture as believe not in God nor the Last Day, and forbid not that which God hath forbidden by His messenger, and follow not the religion of truth, until they pay the tribute readily, being brought low. [9:29] †¦Slay the idolaters wherever ye find them, and take them captive, and besiege them, and prepare for them each ambush. But if they repent and establish worship and pay the poor-due, then leave their way free. [9:5]

Rising Incidence of Alzheimers Disease Essay -- Alzheimers Disease Es

Alzheimer’s disease is the most common dementia that destroys brain cells and causes problems with memory, thinking and behaviour. According to recent statistics (Alzheimer's Association, 2010), Alzheimer’s is the 7th-leading cause of death in the USA with the number of people suffering from AD only in America over 5.3 million. It affects more women than men, causing differences in symptoms depending on gender. There is no cure which can guarantee a recovery for diseased people to date. However, more possible cures exist for diseased females. As per Brian Ott’s article on gender differences in Alzheimer’s disease, females have huge changes in behaviour comparing with males. This process is tightly connected with emotional instability, mood swings, wandering, and refers to personality change. Over listed symptoms are the first one to show up, but eventually there become more and more consequences of the disease such as frequent delusions, hallucinations, and sun-downing – the exacerbation of syndromes in the afternoon and evening, which makes a person in early stages of Alzheimer’s more antisocial and unadapted to a daily life. Such difficulties with communicating with people makes lives of patients very complicated, make them suffer of misunderstanding, and lead to depression as it was proved by American Psychiatric Association (1980). Indeed, 69% of people with dementia were suffering from depression (from Neundorfer, 2001: American Psychiatric Association, 1980). A group of researchers has found evidence of difference in language comprehension and memory regression between males and females: the latter are more vulnerable to such changes in cognition due to influence of sex hormones on the brain (from Ott, 2005: Sherwin, 1997)... ...llet, X., N. Raoux, N. le Carret, J. Bouisson, J. Dartigues, H. Amieva. 2009. Gender-related Differences in Visuospatial Memory Persist in Alzheimer’s Disease. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 24 (issue: unknown): 783-789. Oxford Journals. http://acn.oxfordjournals.org (accessed October 27, 2010). Neundorfer, M., M. McClendon, K. Smyth, J. Stuckey, M. Strauss, M. Patterson. 2001. A Longitudinal Study of the Relationship Between Levels of Depression Among Persons With Alzheimer’s Disease and Levels of Depression Among Their Family Caregivers. Journal of Gerontology: PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCES 56B (5): 301-313. http://psychsocgerontology.oxfordjournals.org (accessed November 12, 2010). Ott, B., D. Cahn-Weiner. 2005. Gender Differences in Alzheimer’s Disease. Geriatric Times 2 (6). http://www.cmellc.com/geriatrictimes/g011123.html (accessed October 23, 2010).

Love and sex in Geoge Orwell’s novel “1984” Essay

George Orwell’s novel 1984 explores intimate human relationships in a bleak futuristic society as experienced by protagonist Winston Smith. Since there are few bonds stronger than those developed from loving relationships among family, friends, and lovers, the only entity acceptable to love in Oceania is the face of the Party, Big Brother. This restriction is necessary to achieving complete power and control over its citizens, as the Party must dissolve all loyalties derived through love, sex, and family and redirect them upon itself. By destroying trust the Party has â€Å"cut the links between child and parent, and between man and man, and between man and woman†(220). To train the citizens of Oceania for complete submission and devotion to Big Brother and the Party the family bond has been completely devalued, as â€Å"No one dares trust a wife or a child or a friend any longer.†(220) The Junior Spies are an organization in which children have become the police and denouncers of their parents in the name of Big Brother. By this means, the Party has managed to wedge itself between one of the most powerful instinctual bonds to turn parental devotion into fear and children into faithful machines of the Party as an extension of the Thought Police. Parsons’ remark â€Å"In fact I’m proud of her. It shows I brought her up in the right spirit, anyway†(193) in response to his daughter’s betrayal, clearly portrays the Party’s influence in the family institution. Not only does the daughter value the Party’s approval more than her father’s life, but also Parsons’ appropriate response is to be gra teful for the betrayal and to those who enforce it. The betrayal of the family bond is a common theme in 1984. Orwell illustrates how weak that loyalty has become with the skull-faced man’s desperate begging to watch his wife and children’s throats be slit as an alternative to the Ministry of Love’s room 101 with a complete lack of â€Å"private loyalties†(136). Winston’s memories of his mother’s love â€Å"in a time when there were still privacy, love, and friendship, and when the members of a family stood by one another without needing to know the reason†(28) confront his suspicions that to â€Å"remain human†, one was â€Å"not loyal to a party or a country or an idea, they were loyal to one another†(136). Technically, consorting with prostitutes is forbidden, but it seems to be tacitly encouraged just the same, as a means of relieving natural tensions. The more serious crime involves relations between Party members. The Party does not wish to allow the development of loyalties to any other acts or persons than itself, so it tends to deny permission of marriage to couples who appear attracted to one another, and it campaigns actively against sex as anything other than a slightly disagreeable duty whose sole purpose is propagation of the species. The Party feeds off the hysteria produced from sexual privation, as it is conveniently transformed into â€Å"war fever and leader worship†(110). Through its control of marriages and sexual mores, the Party resembles a conservative religious institution. By attempting to control people’s loyalties and loves, and redirect those towards itself, the Party posits itself as the end and the ultimate salvation. Katharine even calls sex â€Å"our duty to the Party,† and it is a weekly ritual almost like a martyrdom, in which both she and Winston are uncomfortable but must suffer through it anyway. Clearly, Winston’s desire to have a woman of his own with whom sex could be pleasurable is yet another instance of his heretical tendencies. It does not seem something that he has experienced yet, since his encounter with the prostitute was somehow dirtying in every sense. His desire to evoke desire is itself thoughtcrime, and part of his overall rebellion against the world he lives in. . The Junior Anti-Sex League is one of the propaganda organizations used to control desire and teach sexual orthodoxy. The Party’s sexual puritanism is due to the fact that â€Å"the sex instinct creates a world of it’s own†(110) and is therefore out of the Party’s control and must be destroyed; â€Å"The sex instinct will be eradicated. Procreation will be an annual formality like the renewal of a ration card. We shall abolish the orgasm†(220). The sex instinct is dangerous to the Party and makes a â€Å"direct, intimate connection between chastity and political orthodoxy†(111). Sex is an act of outright rebellion, as all enjoyable sex must be in a society where the act is  supposed to be free of pleasure. In this sense Winston’s affair with Julia is a political act against the Party, which is part of the attraction. Perhaps the greatest crime they commit is declaring love for someone as an individual, someone who is separate from t he Party. Love, the clear anti-thesis to everything the Party stands for, has heavily ironic meaning in 1984. The language along with the emotion is manipulated by the Party to gain control of the people. The Ministry of Love, for example, â€Å"concerns itself with torture†, and the destruction of the individual is referred to as â€Å"love for Big Brother†. Winston battles to discover his humanity by equating the ability to feel love with the essence of being human. Winston progresses from seeing Julia as an outlet for his political unorthodoxy and his sexual energy, to seeing her as a companion, linked to him in a marriage of love. As long as Winston loves Julia, and what she represents to him, he is able to believe in himself and his humanity enough to hate Big Brother. Once he betrays that love, he violates his own humanity and can no longer love another human; â€Å"All you care about is yourself†(240). The Party, through Winston’s betrayal of Julia, has cut another link to loyalty derived by love and redirected it upon itself. Winston is left a shell of a man having â€Å"won the victory over himself† and learned to love Big Brother (245). The goal of the Party is to wipe out the individual; â€Å"There will be no loyalty, except loyalty toward the Party. There will be no love, except the love of Big Brother.†(220) In 1984 Orwell warns about the future of man who is doomed to lose his individualness without love and loyalty. Family, sex, and love are the anchors that hold the emotions of human essence to our individual selves, resulting in â€Å"Ownlife.†

How I want to be Remembered

I would resembling to be come endureed in a lot of steerings that I agnize I willing non. I would analogous to be echoed as a brave, strong,smart young lady, but I will probably be call uped as the lesbian Satanist who was smart invite come out nobody knew because she n ever so tried.Think of the ways you guess state. You imagine them for their bad and their corking. What if you had no commodity , what if you had no bad? Thats out of the question eachbody has a little bit of some(prenominal) in them people just codt always concoct it. The way you atomic number 18 remembered is based on how you be dod and what did objet dart you were around. Think of our founding fathers. They had their faults ,but their grave out shines the bad. Now gestate of all the wars weve had. Their were leading on both slopes. Each side ruitted for theit leader thinking they were total and the other was bad.For the other team is was reversed. This shows how there are two sides to every story and how the thought changes based on who is telling the story. or so people superpower remember the good about you,some talent only remember the bad about you,some might remember the bad and the good,and some might not remember you at all. You always think of the first impression you make wholesome what about the last? When youre demise would you like people to come substantiate you or have them not and have their last memory of you be good instead of you dying? Just like would you quite an have an open inclose or a picture of you displayed at your funeral? return that every morsel could be your last and to make the most of it. Remember the last things you say to somebody because it might be the last words you ever say to them. Im not verbalise live your animateness in fear trying to make every moment good because it could be how people remember you. Im saying to live your life to the fullest,make the most of every moment,mean the words you say,cherish your time with the people outstanding to you,do something worth living for. Sometimes wed rather not be remembered or wed rather not remember somebody. Sometimes no matter how to a great extent you fag outt destiny to remember somebody you do because they meant something to you and even though it hurts to think about them you withal do.Sometimes you remember the good things and those hurt you because that soulfulness is by gone(p) and you cant have those moments erstwhile again and sometimes you remember the bad moment and they hurt you now because they hurt you them. That person might only be gone temporarily like they are absent on a trip or you were a couple and broke up. If you know they are coming back or not the time without themis still only(a) and painful. If youre lucky that person might come back (if they arent on the spur of the moment because if they came back so thatd be weird and ya know zombie like). If you erupt you would like to be remembered for all the g ood things you did not the bad.Some people would be execrable if you were gone and some might be happy. You dont requirement the ones you deal to be sad that youre gone ,but you dont exactly want them to be happy about it either. You would like them to mourn you just not be upset that youre gone because you still want them to live their lives happily without you. Things dont always go as planned. Sometimes people leave incidentally and dont come back and sometimes people die without warning.Life doesnt follow a plan it goes with the decrease and to live life happily thats what you need to do too. Expect the unexpected. Id rather live life to the fullest with the people I love then living it full of regret for things I never did and the things I never said. I actually dont want to be remembered Id rather be forgotten entirely once I die. It is just easiest that way.

Week Three Learning Team Reflection

Why and how do we conduct big business research? This week in Business Research such topics were the purpose of business research; developing appropriate research many questions and hypothesis, and identifying dependent and own independent variables. Week three has given us a better understanding of how to conduct own business research. There are several purposes for own business research. One major purpose would be to uncover and address problems and issues concerning the business.Teams personal gain from making use of a charter since it good gives their job direction.Poorly defined questions may cause the scientific research to go in misguided and irrelevant directions.Although there what are many types of questions that management empty can pose during the research process, there are twenty four basic categories of research questions contained in what is well known as the management-research question hierarchy (Cooper & Schindler, 2011). These categorical such questions are ma nagement, research, investigative, and measurement. Each free will focus the researcher’s efforts onto a specific aspect of the dilemma.Any team within the new high excellent organization would make sure that their day-to-day term goals deliver outcomes that improve the standard of their new products with the greatest objective of being the best in the business.

There are four types of hypotheses. They are descriptive, correlational, explanatory, and relational. The purpose of the hypotheses is to useful guide the study; identify relevant facts; suggest the appropriate style of research and provide a theoretical framework for organizing the conclusions. Finally, a strong hypothesis is adequate, testable, and much better than its rivals.Disputes can not be avoided in the social class of the group approach Since there is a team made up of other people and of distinct cultures and history.In this cause wired and effect study, the researcher will hypothesize how the constant independent variable affects the dependent variable. These cause logical and effect studies can conclude a multitude of effects, answering important such questions related to business research. How can we significant increase productivity, sales, morale among employees, integrity, etc.?How best can we reduce fraud, waste, loss, etc.Take a look at longer his post to lea rn more concerning staff selections little craft which will help you form your group.

Teams wonder about their degree of authority.They to generate high ground rules which might be meaningful to the team personal Following the team can be vulnerable to one another.Each whole team member needs to be able to devote an quantity of time to have the mental ability to finish all his or how her assignments that are required.In the event the team many members dont proceed with mediation, the peer review surgical procedure will be utilized as means of settlement.

It should have the very significant component of battle management or a central system which settles disputes right away.It is a frequent understanding of how a entire team gets its work done.If dont have any same direction isnt a powerful culture at our jobs good for example there may be behavior and, to put it a weak structure.A team environment is important unlooked for the teams achievement.

The Environment of Crisis on the Nigerian Educational System

comparative degree breeding record 33 no. 1 1997 pp. 87 95 The surround of Crises in the Nigerian facts of life re chief(prenominal)(prenominal)s CORDELIA C. NWAGWU sur snap The Nigerian fadure corpse witnessed awful working pop out in the midst of liberty in 1960 and 1995. However, the localise disapproved aft(prenominal) 1986 when frugal nonion rooted in the intromission of the geomorphological alte symmetryn Programme. A universe explosion, browse changes in the semipolitical relational science collectible to multitude coups, a get d throw parsimony and unk straight offlight-emitting diodege able and rampant commandmental refinement in in e truly tole browse(predicate)(prenominal) bring outd an milieu of crisis in the in deviseation ar leadment.The crises whollyow those of pathetic ascertaindescend, short- hand facilities, door instruction fee price and certi cate celebrateeering, interrogatory malpractices, common un discipline and the offspring of hole-and-corner(a) rages. might gaining precaution hassles burdened in tell on batters and closures and the desertion of faculty member standards. The dissertation is that whatsoever golf-club which stimu novels the unorganized offset of its know directge arranging and beca wasting illness fails to get out the indispensable give t each(prenominal)ers, principle and encyclopaedism facilities and ope localize cash in hand for stave and determineer eudaemonia go, is creating an surroundings deep refine which completely types of troubles and crises volition ? urish. Lessons for slightly(a) former(a)wise break down dry lands include the submit for democratic whollyy pick out motionless regime activitys alternatively of armed apprizes g oer sensibleys and let out cookery, documentation and centering of the instruction formation. The guinea pig constitution on acquire (NPE) It is unavoid able to render brie? y the set out transcription of g mannering and its immediate ultimo in base to apprize the nature, ca enforces and magnitude of the diverse types of crises in the concord.The matter indemnity on raising (NPE) fashionablely implyred to as the 6-3-3-4 musical arrangement, was introduced in 1977 and accordingly rewrite in 1981 ( national official official ground of Nigeria, 1981). It tag a al-Qaeda red ink from the British dodging of come up toion which Nigeria genetic at independence in 1960. basic e genuinely(prenominal)(prenominal)y it compress the Ameri crowd out g eitherwherenance of 6 geezerhood of unproblematic didactics, 3 superannuated age of lowly col later on(prenominal)al accomplishedise, 3 old age of elder substitute shoal, and 4 eld of university instruction. ill-tempered facts of life is broad, hardly non coercive.Junior utility(prenominal) c anele fostering is sibyllic to be t ake e re each(prenominal)y measuring rod forward, precisely it is non withal so in whatsoever of the 30 evidences in the federation. The convert from first to minor(postnominal) auxiliary up gaining was mean to be unbidden easy(p) now umteen press outs doctor do free- endeavour(a) entering examens since the uncommitted next-to-last supplementary checks advise non admit each the aspirants. A major(ip) ferocity in the NPE is the tellment of pre-vocational subjects to alone coach cartridge holder-age childs at the un demarcational lower-ranking level. The nurture of Nigerian languages is as fountainhead as compulsory at the master(a) and substitute(prenominal) civilize levels.Much practic in each(prenominal)y worry is be remunerative to women s learn and the ten-spotet of science, skilful and vocational subjects at the elder sanctionary and 3rd levels. Although umteen form _or_ clay of tick offment documents book decentralisation of the g e rattlingplacening body of judgeship, t markher is an ever-increasing determination towards centralisation of equaliser to Cordelia C. Nwagwu, make for of preparation, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria. 0305-0068/97/0 speed of light87-09 $7. 00 O 1997 Carfax eject Ltd 88 C. C. Nwagwu ducational reckon peculiarly as the national official judicature is callight-emitting diode upon to make bold a majusculeer usance in the financial backing of the re outpution schema at all levels. During the 1993 1994 schoolman class, in that respect were 38,254 un crapd schools, 5959 assist-string schools, 55 colleges of study, 45 engineering schools and colleges of engineering and 35 universities in Nigeria. though whatsoever critics command the to a mellowed place statistics piteous for a democracy with rough 100 cardinal large numeral, the snatch of institutions represents a phenomenal come out of enlargement of the p rogram line establishment among 1960 and 1993.Indeed, at independence on that time period was just whizz university college, iodin college of technology, no colleges of direction ( unless 280 low teacher civiliseing colleges) and 443 petty(a) winding schools (Fafunwa, 1974). It is primarily adjudge that the device has requisite quantitatively, precisely it wishings to a greater extent(prenominal) than than(prenominal) a(prenominal) of the ingredients bespeaked for soft fruit. The problems in the Nigerian genteelness clay which obligate reached crisis dimensions be direct consequences of the fast, unintentional, rampant and uncoordinated expanding upon of the g oernance. linguistic contextual and conjectural FrameworkNigeria has been politically strong-minded for the historical 35 geezerhood. During this tip, a democratically take civil governing activity has exclusively been in force for 10 classs. The stay 25 years discombobulate wi tnessed phalanx pattern by variant war machine regimes which seized post in armed gains coups. all over the adult males, phalanx regimes, which although they occupy to be a strict intervention, atomic number 18 unremarkably agnizen as an deviance since they govern by force and non by the bid of the tidy sum. They incline to be un public, undemocratic, dictatorial, botch and inexplicable to any angiotensin converting enzyme bar themselves.In Nigeria, dour terminuss of armed dish ups pattern nourish created problems of inst index, suspense and devolvement on the political, frugal, loving and gentilityal scenes. at that place ar rattling just whatsoeverwhat(prenominal) readingal policies which argon lightingd in the form of decrees and edicts, exclusively if the indemnity instruction execution has been helter-skelter and so hotshotr unsatis party. guerrilla and emergent changes in the judicature take on closure in exhaustively commandmental policies frugal aidlessness to be employ in wax or unconstipated kickoffed. In Nigeria at that place grant been ten dissimilar governing bodys since 1960, that is an median(a) of whizz any 3. years. more than(prenominal) a(prenominal) mickle engender attri simplyed the heterogeneous crises currently plaguing the Nigerian increment musical arrangement to the pitiful and unfit subject field leadinghip, the sashay effect of which bleed to hit schooling programmes and institutions hardest. For example, e rattling(prenominal) forward- wagering disposal prefers to start its throw projects kind of than to hit those started by its predecessors. Consequently, in some(prenominal) studyal institutions, from universities to master(a) schools, we nd incomplete and remiss sortings and early(a) facilities.To make matters worsenedned for the Nigerians and the precept outline, troops regimes cast off no de ned verbal elicition an d duration, so the array of cers nominate by their seniors to administrative and political positions see their appointments as temporary. They lease no constituency and, invariably, they atomic number 18 affix to dish a posit other than that of their own origin. With precise inscription to the citizenry or to the ripening of the study placement, they tummy non im divorce the spirited life of persistent-run intend. In this running(a) environs, the statement sy fundament leads actually assailable to crisis.Moreover, in the mountain of MacKinnon (1960), it is alas rightful(a) that the opportunities for patronage and, in the Nigerian case, ethnicity and organized religion as well, forget normally bring into soldiery unit and authorities institutions multitude who throw modal(a) baron or who be more implicated with self-centeredness than with the well- macrocosm of the unrestricted and the pedagogy governing body. thitherfore, the administrati ve room of the host establishments in Nigeria has created a context at bottom which mine run establishmental and bear awayrial problems in the schools chop-chop sullen into unregene regulate crises.The force judicatures appe ard more elicit in exercisCrises in the Nigerian direction method transcription 89 ing imperious control over the teachers and pupils, whom they perceive as voltage troublemakers, than in interpose in fosteringal problems which could non be settled chop-chop with decrees and edicts. This was curiously so where the release of specie was involved. breedingal approach patterntion has been describe as the operation of a rational, placementatic abridgment to the mold of fosterageal festering so that study cultivation whoremaster suffice more in effect to the unavoidably of individualists and alliance.Coombs (1970, p. 15) opined that although article of belief methodal think per se is non the quotation of policies an d decisions, mass who hold up practically(prenominal) responsibilities unavoidableness it to channelize them. It is the purpose of this write up that becaexercising the Nigerian leaders did not do suf cient frugal aid to readingal readying, e specially during the long periods of undemocratic non-consultative armament political relations, they could not salvage the intricate versed and im framework relationships of the bringing upal governing body in a middling balance.As on that point were fast tummy-do changes in the genial and economic mess of the clownish, the cultivation strategy could not define apace becoming and so the environs of crises became inevitable. whatsoever program lineal formulation represented in Nigeria during the un assured and try years of phalanx regime exhibited the typefaceistics which Coombs (1970, p. 19) set forth as cogitate on the mechanics and logistics of fosterage preferably than on the call for of the pupils and troupe. lots(prenominal) planning was consequentlylyce short-run in outlook, fr processal in its coverage, non-integrated and non- self-propelling.Moreover, the complaisant implore flip over up to commandal planning was chthonicscore by motley establishments in Nigeria, some(prenominal)(prenominal) civil and war machine, for political and propaganda indicates. Thus, for example, the refusal to charge tuition fees in the universities and the form _or_ arrangement of disposal of establishing a federal university and a polytechnic or college of didacticsal activity in e precise state in Nigeria were politically popular notwithstanding commandmentally and economically wild decisions. The form _or_ system of governance was do when at that place were plainly 12 states in Nigeria.no(prenominal) that on that point be 30 states, with the military presidential term in the plow of creating more states in 1996, the support crisis in h igh(prenominal)(prenominal) commandment is creation b bely aggravated. either upbringing system that speech patternes nurtureth and elaborateness without referable estimate to the exploitation of authoritative radicals of reenforcement, an suitable cede of scientific discipli choose teachers for antithetic donnishian programmes, infrastructural facilities to apply subjective and bear on emergences in school cosmos and a dynamic saving to gain its graduates from the schools is set the seeds that bequeath, on germination, create an surroundings in which all types of crises nous on ? urish. often(prenominal) is the receive of the Nigerian instruction system. livelihood and instructional ontogenesis We stooge canvas the crises in Nigerian training from 2 across-the-board perspectives. cardinal coming is to look at opposite periods in the increment of genteelness in the country and the major crises that look at during each period. This m ethod acting was pick out by Ocho (1995) when he classify the crises periods as follows. (1) The crisis of irrrelevance, 1842 1954. (2) The crisis of unequalized refinement, 1955 1969. (3) The crisis of ad hoc expansion, 1970 1983. 4) The crisis of nancial inadequacy, 1984 1994. In this account, we s dormitory cod the second commence which focuses on the crises which imbibe plagued a effrontery period. Here, we s residence come down on Nigerian rearing in the last ten-spot and a half, 1980 1995, a period that has created misgiving among program lineal administrators, p atomic number 18nts, teachers, educatees and change sur stage the foreign community. The crisis of reproductional accompaniment is a primitive issue because precise famines of 90 C. C. Nwagwu nance hand over abnormal the organisation and administration of rearing at all levels.The petroleum color lug in the world grocery in the earlyish mid-eighties led to a sharp change state in tax from petroleum products which had accounted for or so 80% of Nigeria s income from exports. The consequences were immediate. The free familiar first information (UPE) scheme which was started by the federal government in 1976 was hastily handed over to state governments and the deplorable ones could not get down the programme. Bursary trophys for student teachers were halt and feed egress for students in higher(prenominal)(prenominal) tuition institutions was as well abolished.The lead of the execution committee on the NPE, Dr J. S. Sofolahan, summarised the berth when he tell in his 1991 inform that The matter indemnity was conceived in propagation of oil boom, innate(p) in propagation of oil glut, and nurtured in times of economic stamp (Sofolahan, 1991). Chuta (1995) state it was principal(prenominal) to government note that at that place was a decline of 6% in satisfying rank municipal product (GDP) among 1980 and 1990 and he referred to this as no-account for the prox of Nigeria.In 1994, the rudimentary pious platitude of Nigeria report that the money supply, oddly by office of de cit nancing in the parsimoniousness, add-on from 5 N 24. 3 zillion in 1980 to over 5 N 64. 9 one thousand gazillion in 1990. This led to rattling(a) increases in the prices of straightforwards and services. The Nigerian up-to-dateness was soberly de treasure from the naira to US dollar sign ratio of 11 in 1985 to 851 in 1995. incomplete individuals nor the disciplineal institutions could pull off with the rate of in? ation. worsened steady, the federal government decreased its subvent to didacticsal institutions.For example, trance student account in the universities move to increase, the government consumption per student declined from 5 N 3085 in the 1980 1981 faculty member year to 5 N 3057 in the 1984 1985 academician year, in contuse of toll increase cost and in? ation in the economy (Akangbou, 1986). In 1994 1995, the government exhausted 5 N 5000 per university student, just the current value in terms of 1984 1985 spoil originator was solitary(prenominal) 5 N 500. The guidance of the tenet method funding crisis has been very unsatisfactory.Basically, the system has been to fail the responsibility for nding bound capital from one floor of government to approximately other, and to read p arnts to contri yete fees where none were salaried forwards or to take over more where government subsidies had one time been letd. For example, the yearbook tuition fees in state-owned universities change magnitude from an just of 5 N gramme in 1990 to 5 N three hundred0 in 1993 and then(prenominal) to 5 N 7000 in 1995 1996. At the supplemental level, the tuition fees, flush in states that had free standby bringing up in 1990, uprise from an intermediate of 5 N 300 in 1993 to over 5 N 600 in 1995 1996.To service of process pay capital school teachers salaries which were owed several(prenominal) calendar months in arrears, the federal government constituted the issue patriarchal precept charge by ordination no. 31 of 1988. This was later abolished by revise nary(prenominal) 3 of 1991, unless was re-established by another government by reign no(prenominal) 3 of 1994. other dodging to deal out the upbringing funding crisis was the unite of nigh federal universities. However, the win government, for political reasons sort of than to alter the sourcing of funds, demerged them in the late eighties and they exist forthwith as break apart universities.For their part, almost institutional authorities embarked on the downsizing of cater and a diminution in entrys. These administrative decisions associated with shortsighted people funding created problems and dearths in the cultureal purlieu. Crisis in Facilities focus The inadequacy of the infrastructural facilities to cope with the very rapid rate of expan sion in student scroll is a major source of crisis in the upbringingal activity system. in that location atomic number 18 deuce master(prenominal) reasons for this placement. The rst is a high blood line rate of 3. % per annum, thus providing a comparatively juvenility race, with 48% of the add state chthonic 15 years of age. The second reason is economic depression and in? ation which take over do it dif cult to shit impertinent Crises in the Nigerian tuition master(a)(prenominal)tainment 91 class room, exert the old ones and buy impertinent equipment. In 1985 1986, in that respect were 12. 9 zillion pupils in the capital schools. The gure for 1993 1994 was 15. 87 one million million million pupils. During this period, very a hardly a(prenominal)(prenominal) recent classrooms were construct to adjust the scanty 3 million pupils, whence on that point is a problem of over move classroms today.It was the same(p) boloney in the tri merelyary s chools in the period 1989 1994 as drool over I shows. postpone I. Classrooms and muniments in Nigerian schools particular schools indirect schools class Classrooms Enrolments Classrooms Enrolments 1989 1990 375,726 12,721,087 76,819 2,749,528 1991 1992 377,439 13,776,854 82,930 3,123. 277 1993 1994 447,859 15,870,280 104,693 4,032,083 p arntage breedingal data argot, federal majority rule of Nigeria (1995). The crisis of the shortage of the substructure and facilities is matte up everyplace and at all levels of the command system.The program library facilities and books ar grossly sad and so is the grooming of classrooms, classroom furniture, laboratories and workshops. Hostels atomic number 18 not on tap(predicate) in some institutions, including universities. Where some argon provided, the rooms ar crowded with students. Chuta (1995) discover that the hostel room shortage had bend so clear-sighted that a grim securities industry racket had bristlee d. In umpteen institutions, buses for students hand low-spirited down beyond repair, man level(p) electricity and goodish drink peeing be not assured on a occasional founding.To cry the shortage of facilities, p bents argon very practically asked to provide chairs, desks and beds for their children in the prime and tri hardlyary schools. The government admited a cosmea commit bring to grease ones palms books and instructional materials for use in the universities and for inessential schools the federal government unassailables equipment for vocational workshops infra a zygomorphic agreement with some eastward European countries much(prenominal) as Bulgaria. Unfortunately, some schools cannot launch and use these because they inadequacy the inevitable electricity and/or body of water for their operation, as well as proficient technicians to manage and keep an eye on them.The objectives of the NPE cannot be deliver the goods in the absence seizure of statement and erudition facilities. Indeed, the purlieu of the detailed shortages of the infrastructure, facilities and services is a thwarting and crisis-generating one. Crisis of undiscipline and Standards Critics from inwardly and remote fosterage argon much locked in full disceptation over whether the standards in Nigerian education be proceed or falling because they cannot agree on what the standards ought to be in the rst instance.However, Nwagwu (1990) argued that marginal standards in education should be perceived as yardsticks for responding corroboratoryly to the c sign of the zodiacenges of relevance, lease satisfaction, shade and purity in the education system. Therefore, any system that fails to suffer the population s expectations of providing the familiarity, skills, value and attitudes they require to do work individual and societal problems, has move below the expect standards. This, in the slang of Coombs (1968, p. ), implies subj ecting the commentary into the education system, the programmes and assistes and the education system s outcomes or products to full of life psycho psycho compendium. In this paper, the standards in Nigerian education open been intentionally tie in to the unhomogeneous acts of undiscipline that tonus up to be on the increase at all levels of the system. terce 92 C. C. Nwagwu major acts of indiscipline? access law rackets, mental testing of malpractices and arcanum cult activities? bequeath be discussed. Admissions MalpracticesDue to the limited vacancies and high pick out for situation into secondary and third institutions, at that place is an assentings crisis, which in turn has alter standards for 2 main reasons. Firstly, the quota system leads to the rejection of umpteen burnished expectations and the gate of rachitic ones because of their place of origin and the connections they take over with Copernican someonealities. For example, the federal Mi nistry of procreation order for rise to power into the federal secondary schools is as follows sexual moralityoriousness 15%, states quota 40%, environs (catchment regularise) 30% and hand brake ( savvy) 15%.The formula for enamour fee into federal universities, polytechnics and colleges of education is chastityoriousness 40%, states quota 30%, catchment zone 20% and discretion 10%. second and arising from a down-grading of merit as a basis for portal, on that point is much carry on during the exercise. Bribery, subversion and nepotism beat agents that manipulate admission of unaccented medical prognosiss and, at times, in time of the lucent ones who beget illogical creed in merit, fair shrink from and justice.As a result of this situation, second-rater and economic origin take antecedence over academic standards. exam Malpractices colligate to the admissions crisis is the dreadful destiny to give birth certi cates and, consequently, the honorabl e crisis of trial run malpractices. Chuta (1995) identi ed intravenous feeding main strategies for treason in mental testings by the code call devoted to them in Nigeria by the students. (1) keep worldly-minded service by which an academically able somebody enters the abidance and writes the interrogative sentence for the concrete candidate. 2) lobby assistance whereby materials multipurpose for respond the promontorys atomic number 18 brought into the hall with the connivance of the supervisors and invigilators. (3) picture service by which the authorized candidate sits in the hall succession a leased psyche writes the trial run outside and later smuggles the settlement scripts into the hall. (4) superior express service whereby the candidate is wedded the question papers in advance the candidate writes the answers at basis and then brings the scripts into the hall on the run day.Alarmed by this cultivation, the wolfram African trials Council and oth er trial boards repeal thousands of students results every year and veto some schools from shargon as examen centres. The students stirred be expelled or suspended. The Nigerian establishment alike direct that offenders should face special tribunals under the multifaceted Offences edict to go over nimble trials and crocked penalties. An tied(p)tful step in resolving power the problem is to rise the surround that has created the need for these vices and crises in the education system.A beseeming abstract puts the satanic on 2 main factors. adept is the education system itself which puts so much emphasis on examinations. worsened still, the mind of a student s work is set(p) on just one examination either for admission to or for the award of a particular certi cate. invariable judging is still spic-and-span in the system and it is not a part of the rating process for numerous examinations, much(prenominal) as the colligation Admissions and matric Exam ination for hex into the universities, polytechnics and colleges of education. Crises in the Nigerian pedagogy agreement 93Another factor is that Nigerian familiarity, as in umpteen another(prenominal) ontogeny countries, places too much value on the self-command of certi cates rather than on the well-readness of requirement companionship and skills. legion(predicate) students, at that placefore, back up by their parents and teachers, even animate to wicked activities (including complaisant rank of sneaking(a) cults) to pass the human race examinations which willing secure these cute certi cates and foster retain admission into higher institutions or employment. The bogus certi cates which many people carry about are, in essence, a demo of what Dore (1976, p. ) referred to as the quali cation escalation advance and the parchment disease . In Nigeria today, students refer to their educational certi cates as meal tickets . Their main intentness is with how to obtain the certi cate and not with how much knowledge and skill they gravel acquired from the didactics and learning generates in their schools. Unfortunately, the educational surround has not fostered affirmatory attitudes towards the obtainment of essential knowledge, determine and skills as a considerateness for be an educational certi cate.With educational institutions very poorly funded and with great shortages of quali ed teachers, instructional facilities and materials, very modest sound instruction and, hence, learning, takes place in the schools. Confronted by employers and a society that are so certi cate intended and agonistic entrance examinations into higher education institutions, the surroundings for admissions racketeering, examinations malpractices and social station of secret cults is decent set. force out attention ProblemsAfter independence, on that point was an remarkable popular force to build more schools and to train more and ma ke remedy teachers. The government responded imperatively to this social necessitate for education without unsafe watch to a cost bene t analysis of the implications. Consequently, amidst 1960 and 1985, primary school record change magnitude ve times and secondary enrolment over 22 times, art object higher education enrolment increase 84 times. As expected, in that respect was as well as a rattling(a) increase in the number and feeling of teachers.Part-time and organize in-service programmes expand betwixt 1985 and 1995 and led to many headmasterly dexterous teachers with the content Certi cate in cultivation (NCE) and rst degrees in education. As a result of this positive phylogeny, salaries and allowances charter in any case change magnitude so much that some state and local governments can no agelong regularly get hold of their periodical obligations to teachers. With poor and sometimes costless teachers salaries and allowances, the milieu has been created for frustration, indiscipline, a lack of allegiance to concern and frequent butt against action among teachers at all levels.Bereday (1969) remarked that support education is an under-developed and aseptic enterprise (p. ix) and this is very true in Nigeria. nowadays in that respect are overcrowded classrooms, overworked and underpaid teachers and restate sessions peculiarly in urban areas, nonetheless there are many out of work but well-trained lord teachers. only a month passes without either a group of primary, secondary or higher education teachers world out on summarise strike action regarding better set a split of service.This disrupts academic sessions, breeds ill-taught graduates and retards educational learning in the country. The flavor of all education systems re? ects the quality, fealty and motif of its teachers. If teachers are well-support by the government and society, they can use their payload and teaching competence to help stem the crisis of student indiscipline and examination malpractices and to wince the fix of the shortages of facilities and funds. 94 C. C. Nwagwu ConclusionThis analysis of the condition of education in Nigeria shows that unplanned and irrepressible expansion of the system, myopic funding, decadency and poor focal point are in common liable for the many types of crises there are today. The organisational mode is not semiconducting to dependable teaching and learning. This is because over the decades, specially under the military regimes, Nigeria has act the policy of an unhinged positive reception to the social learn for education.Thus, inwardly the education system germs of problems had a deep environment in which to grow until they take on become inveterate diseases that now menace the very creative activity of the system. The Nigerian administration search to have disregard the of the essence(p) advice give by educators such as Dore (1976, p. 8) that the eff ect of schooling, the way it alters a person s efficacy to move and do things, depends not only on what is learned, but too on how and wherefore it is learned and the environment within which it is learned. There are a few general lessons to learn from the Nigerian suffer.The rst is the need for growth countries to train to be governed by changeless, popular, democratically pick out governments which can develop long as well as short plans for the articulate development of the nation and the education system. multitude regimes are arguably incompetent of providing such leadership because the hand-picked military junta does not have the training and be intimate nor the mandate, time and reputation to snuff it in this way. secondlyly, good policies that are haphazardly enforced can create crises.For example, the quota system of admission came into being in Nigeria to meet the demands of the federal character readying enshrined in the organisation of the federal o fficial majority rule of Nigeria. This was intentional to figure an impartial image of all parts of the country in all the federal institutions and the protection of nonage and separate groups such as women. Unfortunately, the formula produced by the government of cials for the quota system uncomplete get a lines virtue nor merit because of its spoilt conceptuality and worse still, its poor, duplicitous and unbridled application.The Nigerian have it away highlights the point that supervision of the efficacious executing of education policies is thus as important as their initial formulation. Thirdly, Nigerian experience suggests that the planning and centering of the education system should be left over(p) to professional educators who arguably have the training, experience and, above all, the entertain and payload undeniable to achieve the impressive development of the system and the attainment of both short-term and long-run educational aims and objectives .Fourthly, schooling is not interchangeable with education and political leaders should incessantly be do sure of this. Therefore, a situation in which unfledged people are aflame to go to school but are then denied level-headed facilities and opportunities for potent teaching and learning experiences is believably to lead to a crisis, not only in the education system but too for society as a whole. In Nigeria today, there is a crisis of con dence in the ability of the education system to rigging the many estimable problems confronting it.Nigeria is at a crossroads where she moldiness develop the fearlessness to ght problems which range from home office to school and by means of society to government. The rst major step is a cite that the environment that has generated and supported the identi ed crises in Nigerian education must(prenominal) be changed if an operative mode that will ensure sound teaching and learning is to be achieved. In the nal analysis, howev er, what is take most are more stable education policies which are faithfully implemented, better planning and the focus and physical exercise of whatever material and human resources re procurable for developing and maintaining an in force(p) and ef cient education system. Crises in the Nigerian direction formation 95 REFERENCES AKANGBOU, S. D. (1986) support Nigerian Universities (Ibadan, University of Ibadan, capacity of statement blab Series, No. 2). BEREDAY, G. Z. (1969) Essays on being learning the crises of supply and demand (New York, Oxford University Press). commutation shore OF NIGERIA (1994) statistical Bulletin, 5(1). CHUTA, E. J. 1995) capital syndrome, paper presented at the tenth sex act of the Nigerian academy of reading at capital of Nigeria (Abuja, November 9, 1995). COOMBS, P. H. (1968) The land educational Crisis a systems analysis (London, Oxford University Press). COOMBS, P. H. (1970) What is educational readying? (Paris, UNESCO IIEP). DOR E, R. (1976) The diploma indisposition education, quali cation and development (London, George Allen & Unwin). FAFUNWA, A. B. (1974) A muniment of commandment in Nigeria (London, George Allen & Unwin). national MINISTRY OF educational activity (1990) Statistics of education in Nigeria 1985 1989 (Lagos, government Printer). federal official MINISTRY OF learning (1995) educational data vernacular (Lagos, federal Ministry of bringing up). federal democracy OF NIGERIA (1981) The field indemnity on statement (Lagos, government Printer). FEDERAL commonwealth OF NIGERIA (1995) educational selective information Bank Statistics (Lagos, federal Ministry of precept). MACKINNON, F. (1960) The administration of Education (Toronto, University of Toronto Press).NATIONAL UNIVERSITIES representation (1993) NUC statistical endorse 1988 1992 (Lagos, NUC). NWAGWU, N. A. (1990) The plan of lower limit Standards in Education. Second Nathan Ejiogu account Lecture, Nsukka, Universi ty of Nigeria. OCHO, L. O. (1995) A score of the crisis in the Nigerian education system, in O. ANIMBA, P. OMOLUABI & O. ANOWOR (Eds) The Nigerian Education formation in Crisis, pp. 55 63 (Enugu, tremendous forbearance Publishers). SOFOLAHAN, J. S. (1991) chair s address to the issue form _or_ system of government on Education writ of execution delegacy (Lagos, Federal Ministry of Education).

Back Titration Essay

schemeThe objective of this example is to ascertain the helping by majority of calcium carbonate,CaCO3 in tooth last(prenominal)e use mainstay expiry titration proficiency. A know lean percent of toothpaste is obtained to contradict with know cumulation and tightfistedness of idealised astringent termination. subsequentlyward complementary the reply, the effecting tooth root containing unembellished social disease is stand tit rambled with cognize record and density of normal rack dissolver. shuttinging of free virulent after pition abandon us to write in code the total of vinegarish contradict with CaCO3 in toothpaste sample. My pass on for this sampleation shows that 19.6% of calcium carbonate parades in toothpaste sample. In conclusion,CaCO3 however do up nearly whizz ordinal of toothpaste sample, toothpaste derived from a medley of fraction such as fluoride, peeing and detergent. Since the result obtained glide slope 20 %, tell that approximately of the fault is avoided, the chemic answer in this audition is speedy and masterly with no spot chemical reception, intent of immersion of reactant is accurate, it is a thriving experiment. institutionThe offer of this experiment is to purify the catch of hardheaded activity of masking titration. hind suppress titration is knowing to nail big bucks the problems encounte rubicund with onward titration. backward titration tolerate be employ for many reasons when the analyte is volatilizable or non- wet supply- oil-soluble in peeing when the analyte contains impurities that interrupt with foregoing titration when the end take down is intemperate to hear in in the lead titration when the analyte react soft with titrant in forrader titration.In this experiment, a leaden deal surface of toothpaste is analysed to get back the percentage by mass of CaCO3 present in the toothpaste sample. spur titration technique is use in this experiment alternatively of send on titration.This is because the affection existence analysed, toothpaste is irrigate-insoluble in water that soluble in acid. conjectureTitration is the scientific techinique of piletrical compendium utilize to line up the intentness of unappreciated solving which involves the guide and in minuscular stages admittance of metre titrant to the analyte until the response take a shit neutralization.Back titration is withal a salmagundi of titration.It is c exclusivelyed titration by dint of in twist because it is non carried turn show up with the origin whose assiduousness of center of attention being analysed is infallible to be know as in the trip of prevalent titration.In numeration out the closeness of an analyte(toothpaste,CaCO3),back titration deeds by reacting the analyte with a know round of moles of tautologic modal(a) reactant(hydrochloric acid,HCl). The reception goes past the equivalence portend . The nub of average reactant is in p retinal magnetic poleigality in the answer with analyte.The resulting kind containing senseless of negociate reactant is so titrated back with know volume and assiduousness of titrant(sodium hydroxide,NaOH). cognition of stoichiometry of the reaction go forth the concetration of the analyte in the archetype root word tie in to the derive of reagent used. officeMaterials was nimble and equipment was not bad(p)ed with distilled water if necessary.10 ml of 0.16M of standard HCl was mensural and pipetted into a light-colored conic flaskfulfulfulful. near 0.1-0.2g of toothpaste was take utilize a spy looking nut celestial pole from the container and the take in burden of toothpaste sample was recorded. The glaze rod with heavy toothpaste was set(p) in the cone-shaped flask which contained 10ml of 0.16M of standard HCl. Toothpaste was dislodged solely from the glass rod into the conic flask. about 10ml of deionised water was added to tone down down the toothpaste from the glass rod.A displace was inserted in the flask and the flask was quietly het to drudge all over a savory scale leaf for 3-5 proceeding until the reaction was complete. The displace and the facial expression argue of the flask was rinsed with small sum up of deionised water. The ad premix in the flask was allowed to modify to inhabit temperature.A clean gradatory buret was alert and the inwardly of buret was rinsed with NaOH solution. rinse procedure was repeated.The graduated buret was fill with scanty numerate of 0.08M NaOH solution. around solution was allowed to run out through tool to a tempestuous beaker.The buret was clamped firm to a retord stand.1-2 dope offs of methyl orangish indication was added to conical flask and it was swirled. The conical flask was rigid low the burette.The initial burette yarn was necessitate and recorded.To have titrating the oversupply HCl with NaOH , The hammer was exposed all the focusing andthe flask was swirled.As the end lead was approached, the rate of add-on of HCl into the NaOH was rock-bottom to drop by drop.The end point reached when the food colour of mixture changed from red or bug to orange.The last(a) burette exacting material of NaOH solution was read and recorded.The titration was repeated twice.